TABLE 5.
Mechanism of action of antifungal compounds of natural origin.
| Compound | Source | MIC value range | Action mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methanolic extract | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | 0.1875–1.5 mg/ml | Not reported Natália et al. (2015) |
| Methanolic extract | Juglans regia L. | ≥1.5 mg/ml | Not reported Natália et al. (2015) |
| Ethanolic/methanolic extract | Lawsonia inermis L. | 5 mg/ml | Not reported Fahad et al. (2019) |
| Ethanolic/methanolic extract | Withania somnifer (L.) Dunal | 5 mg/ml | Not reported Fahad et al. (2019)) |
| Ethanolic/methanolic extract | Curcuma longa L. | 5 mg/ml | Not reported Fahad et al. (2019) |
| Ethanolic/methanolic extract | Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | 5 mg/ml | Not reported Fahad et al. (2019) |
| Ethanolic/methanolic extract | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 5 mg/ml | Not reported Fahad et al. (2019) |
| Essential oil | Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | 3.39–10.45 μg/ml | Not reported Débora et al. (2015) |
| Essential oil | Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel | 4.84–20.03 μg/ml | Affects membrane/cell wall Débora et al. (2015) |
| Essential oil | Laurus nobilis L. | 250–500 μg/ml | Inhibits cell wall formation |
| Affects membrane ionic permeability (Peixoto et al., 2017) | |||
| Aqueous extract | Buchenavia tomentosa Eichler | 0.2–25 mg/ml−1 | Not reported Guilherme et al., (2015) |
| Honey | Commercially available honey | 8–14.25 μg/ml | Not reported Débora et al. (2015) |
| Propolis extract | Brazilian propolis | 837–1,675 μg/ml | Alteration in cell wall and membrane |
| Inhibition of germination and filamentation | |||
| ROS accumulation Jakeline et al. (2020) | |||
| Baicalein | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root | 0.03–0.12 mM | Plasmatic membrane disintegration |
| DNA fragmentation Accumulation of ROS | |||
| Changes at the ultrastructural level Da et al. (2019) | |||
| Wogonin | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root | 0.06–0.23 mM | Plasmatic membrane disintegration |
| DNA fragmentation Accumulation of ROS | |||
| Changes at the ultrastructural level Da et al. (2019) | |||
| Carvacrol | Plant extract | 63–205 μg/ml | Anti-adherence activity |
| Anti-proteinase activity Shaban et al. (2020) | |||
| Thymol | Plant extract | 156–625 μg/ml | Anti-adherence activity |
| Anti-proteinase activity Shaban et al. (2020) | |||
| Eugenol | Plant extract | 321–1,250 μg/ml | Not reported Shaban et al. (2020) |
| Methyl eugenol | Plant extract | 625–1,250 μg/ml | Not reported Shaban et al. (2020) |
| Gallic acid | Punica granatum L. | 12.5–100 μg/ml | Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis |
| Reduction of squalene epoxidase activity Li et al. (2017) | |||
| Citronellal | Cymbopogon spp. extract | 1.2 mg/ml | Disrupts cell membrane homeostasis |
| Oxidative and genotoxic effects via ROS formation | |||
| Inhibits biofilm formation Singh et al. (2016) | |||
| Formyl phloroglucinol meroterpenoids | Eucalyptus robusta Sm. | 1.53–50 μg/ml | Not reported Shang et al. (2019) |
| Magnoflorine | Plant extract | 50–100 μg/ml | Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity Kim et al. (2018) |
| Tryptanthrin | Plant extract. Cell culture | 2–8 μg/ml | Affects cell tolerance to stress like high temperature |
| Induces cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase | |||
| Modifies AhR-dependent gene expression Lin et al. (2020) | |||
| Sampangine derivatives | Plant extract | 16–0.031 μg/ml | Cell death |
| Induces cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase Li et al. (2019) | |||
| Cinnamaldehyde | Plant extract | 100 μg/ml | Not reported Kim et al. (2018) |
| Berberine | Plant extract | 100 μg/ml | Not reported Kim et al. (2018) |
| Teasaponin | Plant extract | 64 μg/ml | Hyphal and biofilm suppression via intracellular cAMP Li et al. (2020) |
| Resveratrol | Plant extract | 20 μM | Fungal cell apoptosis via caspase-dependent pathway Lee and Lee (2015) |