Table 4.
Non-significant (p > 0.05) risk/protective factors for personality disorders.
| Reference | Risk factor | Total number of cases/total population | Number of primary studies | Effect size metric | Random effects summary effect size (95% CI) | P random | 95% PI (including null value) | I2 % | Small-study effects/excess statistical significance | eOR | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antisocial personality disorder | |||||||||||
| Nottell (39) | Genetics | 45/316 | 4 | OR | 2.55 (0.95, 6.82) | 0.063 | Yes | 79.3 | Yes/yes | 2.55 | NS |
| Nottell (39) | Any childhood adversity | 581/26,693 | 17 | OR | 1.69 (0.93, 3.07) | 0.082 | Yes | 83.2 | No/no | 1.69 | NS |
| Nottell (39) | Physical abuse | 197/755 | 3 | OR | 1.32 (0.53, 2.61) | 0.543 | Yes | 66.5 | No/NP | 1.32 | NS |
| Nottell (39) | Separation and loss | 54/459 | 3 | OR | 19.40 (0.73, 515.84) | 0.076 | Yes | 85.3 | No/NP | 19.40 | NS |
| Nottell (39) | Family socioeconomic status | 79/24,316 | 3 | OR | 1.07 (0.44, 2.59) | 0.881 | Yes | 62.1 | Yes/no | 1.07 | NS |
| Nottell (39) | Family dysfunction | 127/561 | 4 | OR | 1.49 (0.54, 4.11) | 0.444 | Yes | 78.5 | No/NP | 1.49 | NS |
| Nottell (39) | Neglect in childhood | 186/1,129 | 3 | OR | 1.40 (0.73, 2.68) | 0.308 | Yes | 66.3 | Yes/yes | 1.40 | NS |
| Nottell (39) | Inconsistent discipline | 113/430 | 2 | OR | 1.13 (0.39, 3.22) | 0.822 | NA | 76.7 | NA/yes | 1.13 | NS |
| Borderline personality disorder | |||||||||||
| Winsper et al. (38) | Parental conflict | 104/6,148 | 3 | d | 0.38 (−0.06, 0.82) | 0.092 | Yes | 48.8 | Yes/NP | 1.99 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, (age 7–12 years) | 89/196 | 3 | OR | 2.99 (0.86, 10.40) | 0.085 | Yes | 70.2 | No/NP | 2.99 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, (age 13–18 years) | 88/196 | 3 | OR | 3.03 (0.68, 13.47) | 0.144 | Yes | 57.4 | No/NP | 3.03 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, by mother | 252/454 | 6 | OR | 2.16 (0.62, 7.54) | 0.224 | Yes | 0.0 | Yes/NP | 2.16 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, with use of force | 84/135 | 2 | OR | 2.37 (0.76, 7.37) | 0.135 | NA | 12.5 | NA/NP | 2.37 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, with disclosure | 84/132 | 2 | OR | 0.86 (0.37, 0.37) | 0.729 | NA | 0.0 | NA/NP | 0.86 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, with help | 84/132 | 2 | OR | 1.08 (0.37, 3.17) | 0.882 | NA | 0.0 | NA/NP | 1.08 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, fondling | 84/132 | 2 | OR | 0.46 (0.12, 1.76) | 0.259 | NA | 0.0 | NA/NP | 0.46 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, genital fondling | 84/132 | 2 | OR | 2.05 (0.90, 4.61) | 0.084 | NA | 0.0 | NA/NP | 2.05 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, oral sex | 84/132 | 2 | OR | 1.85 (0.54, 6.32) | 0.324 | NA | 0.1 | NA/NP | 1.85 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, single incident | 333/528 | 7 | OR | 1.08 (0.60, 1.95) | 0.803 | Yes | 0.0 | Yes/NP | 1.08 | NS |
| Fossati et al. (35) | Sexual abuse, number of abusers | 139/306 | 3 | OR | 2.05 (0.80, 5.21) | 0.134 | Yes | 58.4 | No/NP | 2.05 | NS |
| Dependent personality disorder | |||||||||||
| Kane and Bornstein (37) | Emotional abuse | 11,472/70,124 | 3 | d | 0.25 (−0.14, 0.63) | 0.207 | Yes | 68.7 | No/NP | 2.05 | NS |
d, Cohen's d; OR, odds ratio; PI, prediction interval; I2, heterogeneity; eOR, equivalent OR; NA, not applicable; NP, not permitted; NS, non-significant.