Table 2.

Significance of the observed values of the Legendre et al. [28] test statistic based on three different bootstrap permutation methods. (L1: where each parasite infects the same number of hosts, but the identity of those hosts is randomly determined; L2: where each host is infected by the same number of parasites, but the identity of those parasites is randomly determined and H: where the total number of host–parasite associations is preserved, but associations are randomly determined.)

dataset	test statistic	L1 p-value	L2 p-value	H p-value
GMPD	637.82	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Primates only (GMPD)	6.70	0.004	<0.001	0.001
Nearctic	12.31	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001