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. 2021 Sep 20;6:344. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00736-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The causative pathogen, SARS-CoV-2. a The taxonomy of SARS-CoV-2 is shown (from https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/). b SARS-CoV-2 is ssRNA virus with a diameter of ~60–140 nm and whole viral genome sequence of 29,903 nucleotides, and possesses distinctive S protein; 96.2% identity is shown between SARS-CoV-2 and a bat-borne coronavirus, RaTG13. SARS-CoV-2 spreads from human to human via droplet, aerosol, contact, fecal–oral, and transplacental transmissions. Droplets with SARS-CoV-2 can spread up to tens of meters and remain viable and infectious for 3 h to days. SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2, S spike protein, ssRNA single-strand RNA