Table 3.
Association of Stigma with Sociodemographic Profiles and Various Domains of Life
| Categories | Subcategories | Stigma in COVID-19 Patients at Various
Levels |
|||||||||||
| Self-perceived Stigma |
Quarantine-Related Stigma |
Neighborhood Stigma |
Stigma Experienced by Patients’ Family
Members |
Stigma Experienced at the Market |
Stigma Experienced at Work |
||||||||
| % | P Value | % | P Value | % | P Value | % | P Value | % | P Value | % | P Value | ||
| Sex | Male (246) | 59.3 | 0.229 | 54.5 | 0.097 | 73.2 | 0.128 | 69.1 | 0.058 | 69.1 | 0.575 | 59.8 | 0.078 |
| Female (62) | 53.2 | 46.8 | 62.9 | 54.8 | 66.1 | 48.4 | |||||||
| Others (3) | 100·0 | 00 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |||||||
| Age | ≤15 (4) | 00 | 0.041 | 00 | 0.031 | 50.0 | 0.454 | 50.0 | 0.117 | 50.0 | 0.372 | 00 | 0.075 |
| 16–30 (129) | 54.3 | 48.8 | 72.9 | 62.0 | 66.7 | 57.4 | |||||||
| 31–45 (107) | 60.7 | 51.4 | 71.0 | 70.1 | 70.1 | 58.9 | |||||||
| 46–60 (53) | 69.8 | 67.9 | 75.5 | 77.4 | 77.4 | 66.0 | |||||||
| >60 (18) | 55.6 | 50.0 | 55.6 | 50.0 | 55.6 | 44.4 | |||||||
| Education | Illiterate (4) | 50.0 | 0.949 | 50.0 | 0.975 | 50.0 | 0.908 | 75.0 | 0.532 | 75.0 | 0.829 | 50.0 | 0.931 |
| Up to class 5 (13) | 69.2 | 46.2 | 76.9 | 69.2 | 76.9 | 61.5 | |||||||
| 5th–10th (51) | 60.8 | 49.0 | 70.6 | 74.5 | 62.7 | 51.0 | |||||||
| 11th–12th (82) | 59.8 | 51.2 | 70.7 | 70.7 | 73.2 | 59.8 | |||||||
| Graduate (144) | 56.2 | 54.9 | 72.9 | 61.1 | 68.1 | 59.0 | |||||||
| Postgraduate (17) | 58.8 | 52.9 | 64.7 | 64.7 | 64.7 | 58.8 | |||||||
| Occupation | Unemployed (37) | 56.8 | < 1.73E-8 | 37.8 | < 1.63E-8 | 56.8 | < 1.47E-5 | 59.5 | < 4.63E-4 | 59.5 | < 3.01E-4 | 43.2 | < 4.99E-8 |
| Student (23) | 17.4 | 13.0 | 52.2 | 43.5 | 56.5 | 21.7 | |||||||
| Self employed (91) | 76.9 | 69.2 | 86.8 | 79.1 | 84.6 | 78.0 | |||||||
| Private employee (83) | 68.7 | 67.5 | 78.3 | 73.5 | 73.5 | 67.5 | |||||||
| Government employee (49) | 40.8 | 36.7 | 65.3 | 61.2 | 53.1 | 42.9 | |||||||
| Defense/ police/ security (28) | 35.5 | 32.1 | 46.4 | 42.9 | 53.6 | 39.3 | |||||||
| Family income (INR per month) | Up to 5,000 (14) | 78.6 | < 8.28E-12 | 57.1 | < 5.85E-10 | 78.6 | < 5.81E-11 | 85.7 | < 3.06E-9 | 85.7 | < 3.10E-9 | 64.3 | < 1.17E-8 |
| 5,000 to 10,000 (31) | 71.0 | 58.1 | 83.9 | 77.4 | 71.0 | 71.0 | |||||||
| 10,000 to 20,000 (83) | 77.1 | 72.3 | 88.0 | 84.3 | 86.7 | 72.3 | |||||||
| 20,000 to 30,000 (92) | 58.7 | 58.7 | 69.6 | 65.2 | 68.5 | 57.6 | |||||||
| 30,000 to 50,000 (64) | 48.4 | 35.9 | 68.8 | 56.2 | 62.5 | 54.7 | |||||||
| >50,000 (27) | 00 | 00 | 14.8 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 3.7 | |||||||
| Residence/ society | Slums: daily wagers/labors/vendors (92) | 73.9 | < 1.43E-9 | 64.1 | < 8.63E-7 | 87.0 | < 1.3E-8 | 80.4 | < 2.15E-5 | 82.6 | < 2.14E-5 | 70.7 | < 3.52E-6 |
| Private colonies (130) | 66.2 | 60.0 | 74.6 | 69.2 | 70.0 | 63.8 | |||||||
| Government colonies (57) | 40.4 | 36.8 | 61.4 | 54.4 | 61.4 | 42.1 | |||||||
| Camps (police/army/other) (32) | 15.6 | 15.6 | 31.2 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 25.0 | |||||||