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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 20.
Published in final edited form as: Addict Biol. 2019 Jul 2;25(5):e12806. doi: 10.1111/adb.12806

Figure 1. Experimental Timeline and Developmental Milestones.

Figure 1.

(A) Schematic describing experimental timeline for neonatal morphine exposure and behavioral testing. Male and female mouse pups were treated with morphine from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 14 and tested for isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) after 24hrs of abstinence. A subset of these animals were aged and tested for baseline adolescent affective behavior in the marble burying task (MB), light dark (LD) box, and elevated zero maze (EZM). Beginning at 12 weeks of age animals were tested for behavioral sensitization to morphine. (B) Male and (C) female morphine treated pups exhibited significant delays in reaching developmental milestones independent of genotype. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *** p < 0.001 compared to saline treated animals.