Fig. 3.

Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated AKI. Kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 is multifactorial resulting from SARS-CoV-2 direct effects on podocytes, glomerular endothelial cells, and proximal tubular cells, and/or systemic consequences of viral infection, organ cross talk through inflammatory signals and hemodynamic alterations, as well as result of management of the severe illness. DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; AKI, acute kidney injury.