Table 2.
Study participants with or without mental health problem or increased embitterment (PTED score ≥2.5) in comparison
| Characteristics | Persons without mental health problem and without embitterment (n = 1,953) 60.87% NN | Persons with mental health problem and without embitterment (n = 751) 23.4% M | Persons without mental health problem and with embitterment (n = 306) 9.5% E | Persons with mental health problem and with embitterment (n = 198) 6.17% ME | Significance of difference between the groups by ANOVA p value (with bonferroni correction) or χ2 | Spearman correlation of PTED-value with other characteristics r * p< 0.05 ** p < 0.01 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex female, % | 55.5 | 67.2 | 56.1 | 57.6 | 0.000 | −0.041* |
| Professional degree, % Without professional qualification Apprenticeship Master of crafts College or university degree Promotion |
6.0
30.9 6.3 50.5 6.3 |
5.7
39.3 5.6 44.9 4.5 |
5.3
31.6 4.3 51.6 7.2 |
5.6
43.7 8.6 39.6 2.5 |
0.000 | −0.074** |
|
| ||||||
| Age | 47.35 (14.2) | 47.38 (12.7) | 48.00 (12.7) | 48.46 (11.3) | 0.637 | 0.014 |
|
| ||||||
| Household members, η | 2.17 (0.8) | 2.01 (0.8) | 2.19 (0.8) | 2.00 (0.8) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. M 0.000, NN vs. ME 0.028 M vs. E 0.004, ME vs. E 0.055 ME vs. M 1.000, NN vs. E 1.000 |
0.003 |
|
| ||||||
| My physical fitness is presently (in comparison to time before pandemic) (1: much worse − 5: much better) | 2.55 (0.8) | 2.48 (0.8) | 1.85 (0.7) | 1.85 (0.7) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. E 0.000, NN vs. ME 0.000 M vs. E 0.000, M vs. ME 0.000 ME vs. E 1.000, NN vs. M 0.225 |
−0.329** |
|
| ||||||
| I am afraid that closely related persons get sick of the Coronavirus (1 not at all − 5 very much) | 2.02 (1.1) | 2.14(1.1) | 1.53 (0.9) | 1.83 (1.2) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. E 0.000, M vs. E 0.000 M vs. ME 0.003, ME vs. E 0.016 NN vs. M 0.065, NN vs. ME 0.133 |
−0.209** |
|
| ||||||
| I am afraid that I get sick of the Coronavirus (1 not at all − 5 very much) | 1.67 (0.9) | 1.77 (1.0) | 1.28 (0.7) | 1.54 (0.9) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. E 0.000, M vs. ME 0.010 M vs. E 0.000, ME vs. E 0.019 NN vs. M 0.079, NN vs. ME 0.319 |
−0.217** |
|
| ||||||
| Crisis management by my employer gave me a good orientation (1 not at all − 5 very much) | 2.47 (1.3) | 2.41 (1.3) | 1.79 (1.1) | 1.70 (1.0) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. E 0.000, NN vs. ME 0.000 M vs. E 0.000, M vs. ME 0.000 ME vs. E 1.000, NN vs. M 1.000 |
−0.252** |
|
| ||||||
| Crisis management by the policy is realistic (1 not at all − 5 very much) | 1.99 (1.2) | 2.10 (1.2) | 1.24 (0.7) | 1.32 (0.8) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. M 0.159, NN vs. E 0.000 NN vs. ME 0.000, M vs. E 0.000 ME vs. E 1.000, ME vs. M 0.000 |
−0.346** |
|
| ||||||
| Number of perceived burdens due to Coronavirus pandemic (x out of 13 categories marked as valid by the participant) | 2.17 (1.4) | 2.30 (1.4) | 3.36 (1.5) | 3.56 (1.6) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. M 0.272, NN vs. E 0.000 NN vs. ME 0.000, ME vs. E 0.769 M vs. E 0.000, ME vs. M 0.000 |
0.380** |
|
| ||||||
| Well-being (WHO-5 mean score, sum score) within past 2 weeks (0 never − 5 all the time) | 1.57 (0.6) 7.86 (3.01) | 1.50 (0.6), 7.51 (2.77) | 1.15 (0.5), 5.80 (2.58) | 1.09 (0.5), 5.47 (2.29) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. M 0.046, NN vs. E 0.000 NN vs. ME 0.000, ME vs. E 1.000 ME vs. M 0.000, M vs. E 0.000 |
−0.258** |
|
| ||||||
| Embitterment (PTED scale mean score) (0 not true at all − 4 extremely true) | 0.96 (0.8) | 1.14 (0.8) | 2.97 (0.4) | 3.02 (0.4) |
Overall 0.000
NN vs. M 0.000, NN vs. E 0.000 NN vs. ME 0.000, M vs. E 0.000 M vs. ME 0.000, ME vs. E 1.000 |
|
|
| ||||||
| Wisdom (WD-12 scale mean score) (0 do not agree at all − 5 agree exactly) | 3.69 (0.5) | 3.67 (0.5) | 3.65 (0.5) | 3.61 (0.5) |
Overall 0.098
NN vs. M 1.000, NN vs. E 0.707 NN vs. ME 0.213, M vs. E 1.000 ME vs. E 1.000, ME vs. M 0.848 |
−0.083** |
|
| ||||||
| Resilience (RS 13 mean score) (0 not at all − 6 very much) | 4.56 (0.8) | 4.21 (0.9) | 4.34 (0.9) | 3.84 (1.10) |
Overall 0.000 NN vs. M 0.000, NN vs. E 0.000 NN vs. ME 0.000, M vs. E 0.171 mf vs E0.000, ME vs M0.0000 |
−0.186** |
Means (standard deviation) or percentages are reported (N = 3,208).