Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study samples
| Characteristics | Sample 1† (primary analyses) |
Sample 2 (biomarker sample) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | |
| N = 3657 | N = 3113 | N = 1807 | N = 1609 | |
| Age, years | 51 ± 16 | 51 ± 16 | 59 ± 10 | 59 ± 10 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.7 ± 6.1 | 28.3 ± 4.7 | 27.3 ± 5.7 | 28.5 ± 4.4 |
| Obesity (%) | 24.2 | 29.1 | 25.6 | 30.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 120 ± 18 | 124 ± 15 | 127 ± 20 | 130 ± 17 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72 ± 9 | 77 ± 10 | 74 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 |
| Hypertensive (%) | 29.8 | 38.5 | 38.4 | 44.8 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 23.1 | 27.2 | 25.4 | 30.8 |
| Total cholesterol | 190 ± 35 | 185 ± 37 | 212 ± 39 | 199 ± 41 |
| HDL cholesterol | 62 ± 17 | 48 ± 13 | 58 ± 16 | 43 ± 12 |
| Lipid lowering medication (%) | 18.6 | 25.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 31.0 | 52.3 | 35.5 | 50.9 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 97 ± 20 | 103 ± 22 | 100 ± 26.0 | 107 ± 28 |
| Diabetes (%) | 5.5 | 9.1 | 8.0 | 11.9 |
| Diabetes medication (%) | 4.0 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 6.5 |
| Smokers (%) | 13.2 | 14.3 | 15.8 | 14.6 |
| Dyspnea (%) | 2.5 | 1.5 | 21.1 | 17.6 |
| Edema (%) | 20.1 | 6.3 | 10.3 | 4.0 |
| Valvular Heart Disease (%) | 2.2 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 6.4 |
| Left Ventricular mass | 135 ± 29 | 194 ± 41 | 140 ± 31 | 192 ± 43 |
| Left Ventricular Hypertrophy by ASE criteria (%) | 17.0 | 29.3 | 23.8 | 33.2 |
| Regional wall motion abnormality (%) | 1.5 | 5.3 | 2.7 | 11.9 |
| Left Ventricular enlargement (%) | 3.3 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 5.3 |
| Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (%) | 1.3 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 13.0 |
| History of Coronary Artery Disease (%) | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| History of Myocardial Infarction (%) | 1.3 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 7.4 |
| History of Heart Failure (%) | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
| HFPEF | 55.2 | 21.6 | 53.8 | 18.2 |
| HFREF | 27.6 | 56.9 | 38.5 | 63.6 |
| Undefined | 17.2 | 21.5 | 7.7 | 18.2 |
| HF Stage frequencies (%) | ||||
| Healthy | 42.1 | 33.6 | 33.2 | 25.5 |
| Stage A | 38.6 | 33.9 | 42.5 | 39.0 |
| Stage B | 18.5 | 30.9 | 23.6 | 34.1 |
| Stage C/D | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
| Biomarkers [Median (Q1, Q3)]* | ||||
| Aldosterone, ng/dl | - | - | 11 (7, 15) | 9 (7, 13) |
| B-type natriuretic peptide, pg/ml | - | - | 10.0 (4.1, 20.3) | 6.6 (4.0, 16.7) |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | - | - | 2.4 (1.0, 5.8) | 1.8 (0.9, 3.8) |
| High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, pg/ml | - | - | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.7) |
| Growth differentiation factor-15, ng/L | - | - | 1023 (813, 1305) | 1064 (820, 1417) |
| Renin, mU/L | - | - | 11 (6, 19) | 14 (8, 25) |
| ST-2, ng/ml | - | - | 18.8 (15.3, 23.2) | 23.6 (19.2, 29.1) |
*
Aldosterone, C-reactive protein, renin, and ST-2 were considered only in secondary analyses.
†
Sample 1 includes participants from both Offspring and Third Generation cohorts (see Supplementary Table 4)