Figure 10.

(A) Illustration of the sodiation process of a flexible Sn@C composite substrate and corresponding SEM images of the surface morphology upon Na plating with a current density of 2 mA·cm⁻² and a capacity of 3 mAh·cm⁻². Figure 10A was republished with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry, from [77] ("Tin nanoparticles embedded in a carbon buffer layer as preferential nucleation sites for stable sodium metal anodes" H. Wang et. al., J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 7, © 2019); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (B) SEM and TEM images of the Sb–C nanofibers and the C-rate capability at various current rates. Figure 10B was republished with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry, from [78] ("Sb–C nanofibers with long cycle life as an anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries" L. Wu et. al., Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 7, © 2013); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (C) Schematic illustration of the 3D porous graphene/red P composite (C@P/GA), a SEM image of the composite with 70% of red P and the rate performance of the pre-P/GA, P/GA, and C@P/GA composites. Figure 10C was reproduced with permission from [81], H. Gao et al. "Integrated Carbon/Red Phosphorus/Graphene Aerogel 3D Architecture via Advanced Vapor-Redistribution for High-Energy Sodium-Ion Batteries", Adv. Energy Mater., with permission from John Wiley and Sons Copyright © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (D) TEM image of MV-HC and first-cycle galvanostatic sodiation/desodiation potential profiles of three hard carbons at a current rate of 20 mA/g. Figure 10D was reprinted with permission from [82]. Copyright 2018, The American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (E) Schematic illustration of pre-sodiated hard carbon (HC) including a SEI layer and the long-term cycling performance of the full cell at a constant rate of 2C. Figure 10E was reprinted with permission from [86]. Copyright 2020, The American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0.