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. 2021 Jul 22;19(3):206–214. doi: 10.1080/2090598X.2021.1954415

Table 3.

Various known genes and potential gene hotspots for genitourinary birth defects [49,50]

Gene Location Possible genitourinary defects
cAMP-response element binding protein (CREBBP) 16p13 Bilateral cryptorchidism
Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRKA1) 21q3 Micropenis, chordee, hypospadias, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract
EYA transcriptional co-activator and phosphatase 1 (EYA1) 8q13 Hypospadias, renal anomalies
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) 10q26 Urethral formation, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, reduced testicular size, and renal anomalies
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1B) 17q12 Renal anomalies, cryptorchidism, vasal agenesis, epididymal cysts, hypospadias, and asthenospermia
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) 19p13 Cryptorchidism
Kidney ankyrin repeat-containing protein 1 (KANK1) 9p23 Cryptorchidism, micropenis, hypospadias, urethral and scrotal development, and renal anomalies
Potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 13 (KCTD13) 16p11.2 Cryptorchidism, hypospadias, micropenis, and VUR
Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) Xq28 Cryptorchidism, hypospadias, hydronephrosis, urethral abnormalities
Orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1) 2p15 Micropenis, abnormal scrotum, cryptorchidism, small testis, bladder exstrophy, epispadias, and renal anomalies
Paired box gene 2 (PAX2) 10q24 Renal anomalies, vesicoureteral reflux, cryptorchidism
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) 5q13 Cryptorchidism and decreased testicular size
RNA binding FOX-1 homolog 2 (RBFOX2) 22q12 Renal development, hypospadias, scrotal development
SH2B adaptor protein (SH2B1) 16p11.2 Hypospadias
Vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP7) Xq28 Hypospadias, reduced penile length and cryptorchidism