Table 3.

Overview of behavioural equivalents to DSM-5 SCZ criteria.

DSM-5 criteria		Behavioural equivalents
Criterion A Core symptoms	Delusions	Not observable when patient does not speak, or barely speaks
	Hallucinations	Hallucinatory behaviour including staring at fixed points and yelling, covering ears and at the same time uttering strange sounds, earaches without otitis, talks to himself out load, talks directly to people not there, talks out loud if upset, sensations not explainable, and says he sees things not there
	Disorganized speech	Incoherence / word salad, derailment, (severely) impoverished speech, speech vanished, meaningless response/confused use of words (illogical speech), pressure of speech, and echolalia.
	Disorganized behaviour	Derailment in task solving including task interruption by changing focus, sequence failure, aimlessness, rocking, repetitive behaviour, unexpected violent behaviour, meaningless response (non-verbal/gestures), using known objects wrongly (apraxia), impaired task solving in known activities
	Negative symptoms	Social withdrawal (more than usual, decreased number of patient initiatives, apathy/fatigue, lack of motivation (fewer initiatives than usual), blunted affect, lack of spontaneity
Criterion B Functioning fall	Related to self-care, work, and relationships	Neglect related to self-care, work, and relationships. Tasks usually solved are neglected
Criterion C Duration	Continuous signs for at least 6 months	Not relevant
	Criterion A symptoms for at least 1 month	Described above
Criterion D, E, F Differentials	Other conditions are ruled out	Not relevant