Table 3.
Average abundance of culturable fungi of madai cave, sabah (CFU per unit sample)
| Sample (Distance from Entrance) | Fungal Taxa |
Identification | CFU/unita |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fungal Taxa | Sample Total | |||
| Speleothem | x = 229.3 | |||
| S1 (1 m) | Aspergillus sp. 3 | Morphology | 72.9 | 554.7 |
| Aspergillus flavus | Morphology | 222.7 | ||
| Penicillium paxilli | Morphology | 259.1 | ||
| S2 (16 m) | Aspergillus aculeatus | Morphology | 4.4 | 381.3 |
| Aspergillus flavus | Morphology | 44.9 | ||
| Penicillium citrinum | Morphology | 272.4 | ||
| Plectosphaerella cucumerina | DNAa | 15.1 | ||
| Trichoderma harzianum | Morphology | 44.4 | ||
| S3 (55 m) | Annulohypoxylon nitens | DNA | 62.7 | 175.1 |
| Aspergillus sp. 1 | DNA | 1.8 | ||
| Aspergillus europaeus | Morphology | 4.4 | ||
| Aspergillu niger | DNA | 0.9 | ||
| Ganoderma australe | DNA | 49.8 | ||
| Penicillium bilaiae | DNA | 44.4 | ||
| Purpureocillium lilacinum | DNA | 4.9 | ||
| Talaromyces sp. | DNA | 0.4 | ||
| Trichoderma asperellum | Morphology | 1.3 | ||
| Xylaria feejeensis | DNA | 4.4 | ||
| S4 (75 m) | Aspergillus sp. 2 | Morphology | 13.3 | 86.2 |
| Aspergillus nomius | DNA | 49.3 | ||
| Penicillium citrinum | Morphology | 9.3 | ||
| Purpureocillium lilacinum | DNA | 13.3 | ||
| Trichoderma harzianum | Morphology | 0.9 | ||
| Cavern Water | x = 335.0 | |||
| W1 (3 m) | Aspergillus japonicus | Morphology | 25.6 | 744.4 |
| Penicillium sp. 1 | Morphology | 716.7 | ||
| Purpureocillium lilacinum | DNA | 2.2 | ||
| W2 (17 m) | Aspergillus aculeatus | Morphology | 3.3 | 488.9 |
| Aspergillus flavus | Morphology | 17.8 | ||
| Aspergillus sydowii | DNA | 123.3 | ||
| Purpureocillium lilacinum | DNA | 176.7 | ||
| Pyrrhoderma noxium | DNA | 167.8 | ||
| W3 (30 m) | Aspergillus aculeatus | Morphology | 36.7 | 81.1 |
| Aspergillus nomius | DNA | 13.3 | ||
| Penicillium paxilli | Morphology | 30.0 | ||
| Trichoderma harzianum | Morphology | 1.1 | ||
| W4 (85 m) | Aspergillus japonicus | DNA | 14.4 | 25.6 |
| Penicillium citrinum | DNA | 7.8 | ||
| Phaeosphaeriopsis sp. | DNA | 3.3 | ||
| Guano | x = 6266.7 | |||
| G1 (26 m) | Paecilomyces variotii | Morphology | 33.3 | 8,955.6 |
| Penicillium paxilli | Morphology | 8,922.2 | ||
| G2 (30 m) | Annuhypoxylon nitens | DNA | 111.1 | 13,622.2 |
| Aspergillus aculeatus | DNA | 1,122.2 | ||
| Cladosporium cladosporioides | DNA | 111.1 | ||
| Curvularia lunata | DNA | 1,111.1 | ||
| Penicillium simplicissimum | DNA | 2,877.8 | ||
| Pochonia chlamydosporia | DNA | 1,111.1 | ||
| Talaromyces minioluteus | DNA | 5,944.4 | ||
| Trichoderma paraviridescens | DNA | 1,233.3 | ||
| G3 (53 m) | Aspergillus nomius | DNA | 1,111.1 | 1,111.1 |
| G4 (75 m) | Aspergillus sp. 1 | DNA | 1,122.2 | 1,377.8 |
| Aspergillus niger | Morphology | 22.2 | ||
| Paecilomyces variotii | DNA | 200.0 | ||
| Penicillium sp. 2 | Morphology | 11.1 | ||
| Purpureocillium lilacinum | Morphology | 11.1 | ||
| Trichoderma asperellum | DNA | 11.1 | ||
aunit = CFU/cm2 for speleothem samples, CFU/ml for cavern water samples, and CFU/g for guano samples.
aAll isolates identified by molecular characterisation is also corroborated by morphological characterisation.