Table 1.

Anticancer activity as conferred by bioactive compounds isolated from fungal endophytes associated with host plants

Host plants	Fungal endophytes	Bioactive compounds	Mode of action	References
Salacia oblonga	Alternaria spp., Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger	Taxol	Disruption of microtubule equilibrium.	(Roopa et al. 2015)
Podocarpus gracilior pilger	Aspergillus terreus	Taxol	Trigger tubulin polymerisation through binding with tubulin β-subunits heterodimer and, disrupt tumour cells division	(Stahlhut et al. 1999)
Camptotheca acuminata	Fusarium solani	Camptothecin	Topoisomerase-I inhibition.	(Ran et al. 2017)
Catharanthus roseus	Fusarium oxysporum	Vinblastine and Vincristine	Microtubule destabilising agent, cell cycle inhibition at metaphase of mitosis.	(Kumar et al. 2013)
Podophyllum sp., Juniperus recurva	Fusarium oxysporum, Trametes hirsuta	Podophyllotoxin glycoside, 4 -demethylpodophyllotoxin,	Irreversibly binds to tubulin and inhibit mitotic division thus, inducing arrest in G2/M phase of cell cycle.	(Kour et al. 2008)
Solanum nigrum L.	SNFSt, SNFL and SNFF	Solamargine	Arrest cell in G2/M phase, interferes with the function and structure of cancer cell membrane, blocks the anti-apoptotic pathway of NF-kβ.	(Atanu et al. 2011, El‐Hawary et al. 2016)
Piper nigrum	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides	Piperine	G2/M phase arrest in cancer cells.	(Chithra et al. 2014)
Capsicum annuum	Alternaria alternata	Capsaicin	Induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells.	(Devari et al. 2014)
Silybum marianum	Aspergillus iizukae	Flavonolignans, silybin A, silybin B and isosilybin A	Promote tubulin polymerisation inhibiting cell division	(El-Elimat, Raja, Graf, Faeth, Cech and Oberlies 2014)
Panax ginseng	Paecilomyces sp	Ginsengnosides-Rg3, Rh2	Inhibit the proliferation of T24 cells	(Zhang et al. 2006)
Tabebuia rosea	Aspergillus TRL1	Pulchranin A	Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases such as CDK1, CDK2 and CDK4	(Moussa et al. 2019)
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum	Pestalotiopsis adusta	Pestalustaine B	Induce apoptosis	(Xiao et al. 2018)
Hypericum perforatum	Emericella sp. TJ29	Emeridones A–F	–	(Li et al. 2019)
Pogostemon cablin	Cerrena sp. A593	Triquinane-type sesquiterpenoids Cerrenins D and E	–	(Liu et al. 2018)