Table 1.
Geographic setting | Metabolic | Cardiorespiratory | Neurologic | Musculoskeletal | Gastro‐intestinal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acidosis | Heart failure | Dysphonia | Encephalopathy | Developmental delay and hearing loss | Peripheral neuropathy | Ataxia | Weakness and atrophy | Vomiting | |
Southeast Asia |
A79 |
I2, 79 | I79 | I33 | |||||
Bhutan | Ia | I103 |
C104 Aa |
C104 | Ia | ||||
India | I28, 53 | I28, 56 | I56 | I22 | A70 | ||||
Kiribati | I38 | A38 | A38 | ||||||
Israel | I105 | I7, 8, 49 | |||||||
Africa |
A107 |
C108 |
C108 |
A107 | |||||
Americas | A109 | A110 | A111 | A111, 112 | |||||
Europe | A113 | ||||||||
Possible predisposing factors |
Genetic;114A – alcoholism;113 thiamine‐deficient parenteral nutrition formulas115 |
I – breastfed infants of women with thiamine‐insufficient diet;10, 116 A – ingestion of antithiamine factors91, 117 |
A – alcoholism79 | I – infant formula manufacturing error105 | A – following bariatric surgery;111 pregnancy70 | C and A – ingestion of the roasted larvae of Anaphae venata 108, 118 | A – hyperemesis gravidarum, drug‐induced hyperlactatemia, and disease‐related malnutrition119 |
A, adult; C, child; I, infant.
Note: This table provides representative examples of key information. It should be considered neither restrictive nor exhaustive.
M.L. Mynak, personal communication.