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. 2020 Dec 10;1498(1):9–28. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14536

Table 1.

Organ system manifestations of thiamine deficiency as seen at different ages in various geographical areas

Geographic setting Metabolic Cardiorespiratory Neurologic Musculoskeletal Gastro‐intestinal
Acidosis Heart failure Dysphonia Encephalopathy Developmental delay and hearing loss Peripheral neuropathy Ataxia Weakness and atrophy Vomiting
Southeast Asia

I9, 43

A79

I2, 79 I79 I33
Bhutan Ia I103

C104

Aa

C104 Ia
India I28, 53 I28, 56 I56 I22 A70
Kiribati I38 A38 A38
Israel I105 I7, 8, 49
Africa

I48, 106

A107

C108

C108

A4, 5, 6

A107
Americas A109 A110 A111 A111, 112
Europe A113
Possible predisposing factors

Genetic;114A – alcoholism;113 thiamine‐deficient parenteral nutrition formulas115

I – breastfed infants of women with thiamine‐insufficient diet;10, 116 A – ingestion of antithiamine factors91, 117

A – alcoholism79 I – infant formula manufacturing error105 A – following bariatric surgery;111 pregnancy70 C and A – ingestion of the roasted larvae of Anaphae venata 108, 118 A – hyperemesis gravidarum, drug‐induced hyperlactatemia, and disease‐related malnutrition119

A, adult; C, child; I, infant.

Note: This table provides representative examples of key information. It should be considered neither restrictive nor exhaustive.

a

M.L. Mynak, personal communication.