Figure 4.

Forest plot of random effects meta‐analysis of non‐randomized studies reporting on dystonia before and after deep brain stimulation (DBS). (a) Standardized mean difference (SMD) across all studies reporting on dystonia (Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale – Movement [BFMDRS‐M] or Barry Albright Dystonia Scale). (b) Mean difference (MD) across studies reporting on BFMDRS‐M only. ^aThere is potential for participant overlap between Kim et al.⁶² and Kim et al.⁴⁹ although sufficiently detailed participant‐level data were not available confirm the extent of duplicate participants. SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.