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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 14.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2021 Sep 14;54(9):1915–1932. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.018

Figure 3. Molecular mechanisms for temporal encoding to achieve stimulus-specific responses.

Figure 3.

A-D. Mechanisms contributing to important features of temporal signaling dynamics: (A) The second phase amplitude is controlled by ligand stability, receptor turnover dynamics, and kinase activity kinetics. (B) Dose-to-peak-amplitude-encoding is dependent on adaptor oligomerization properties, which differ between MyD88 and TRIF. (C) Oscillations in effector activity trajectories of e.g. NFκB or MAPKp38 are introduced by negative feedback loops with delay. (D) Total duration of signaling is modulated by positive feedback or irreversible negative feedback, such as the induction of RelA and IκBδ expression, respectively.