Classification of technical lignins. SE – steam-exploded lignin; AFEX – ammonia fiber expansion lignin.
| Lignin type | Scale | Chemistry | S-content | Purity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kraft | Industrial | Alkaline | Moderate | Moderate |
| Soda | Industrial | Alkaline | Free | Moderate-low |
| Lignosulphonate | Industrial | Acid | High | Low |
| Organosolv | Pilot/demo | Acid | Free | High |
| Hydrolysis | Industrial/pilot | Acid | Low-free | Moderate-low |
| SE | Pilot | Acid | Low-free | Moderate-low |
| AFEX | Pilot | Alkaline | Free | Moderate-low |