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. 2021 Aug 20;23(18):6698–6760. doi: 10.1039/d1gc01684a

Classification of technical lignins. SE – steam-exploded lignin; AFEX – ammonia fiber expansion lignin.

Lignin type Scale Chemistry S-content Purity
Kraft Industrial Alkaline Moderate Moderate
Soda Industrial Alkaline Free Moderate-low
Lignosulphonate Industrial Acid High Low
Organosolv Pilot/demo Acid Free High
Hydrolysis Industrial/pilot Acid Low-free Moderate-low
SE Pilot Acid Low-free Moderate-low
AFEX Pilot Alkaline Free Moderate-low