Table 1. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory findings according to study group.
| Variable | Group I n=30 | Group II n=30 | Group III n=30 | Group IV n=30 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.5 ± 13.5 | 65.2 ± 14.2 | 64.8 ± 12.3 | 61.2 ± 10.1 | 0.627 |
| Sex (male/female) | 17/13 | 19/11 | 18/12 | 20/10 | 0.506 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (23%) | 15 (50%) | 17 (57%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (20%) | 7 (23%) | 11(38%) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (47%) | 15 (50%) | 12(40%) | 0.425 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 125 ± 11α | 130 ± 10.1β | 136 ± 14⁑ | 108 ± 30 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.9 ± 4.8α | 79.9 ± 7.6β | 80.2 ± 7.5⁑ | 62.3 ± 23.1 | <0.001 |
| Pulse (bpm) | 67 ± 8.2α | 68 ± 9.1β | 75.6 ± 12.1⁑ | 89.6 ± 19.5 | <0.001 |
| White blood cell (uL) | 9039 ± 1188α,¥ | 1097 ± 1516β,Δ | 1277 ± 1484⁑ | 1906 ± 2698 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (gr/dL) | 13.3 ± 1.05α,¥ | 13.4 ± 1.58β,Δ | 12.7 ± 0.81⁑ | 10.6 ± 0.74 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 105 ± 13 | 138 ± 13 | 141 ± 11 | 138 ± 12 | 0.172 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 25.3 ± 6.7α | 28.1 ± 8.8β | 37.2 ± 25⁑ | 66.9 ± 80 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.60 ± 0.07α | 0.62 ± 0.07β | 0.67 ± 0.18⁑ | 1.08 ± 0.80 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 140 ± 4.0 | 140 ± 3.7 | 140 ± 6.8 | 140 ± 2.5 | 0.986 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.31 ± 0.33α | 4.34 ± 0.34β | 4.30 ± 0.68⁑ | 4.74 ± 0.58 | 0.002 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.45 ± 0.50α,¥ | 9.47 ± 0.56β,Δ | 8.38 ± 0.82⁑ | 7.99 ± 1.20 | <0.001 |
| AST (u/L) | 28 (26–29)α,¥ | 28 (28–29)β,Δ | 47 (43–49)⁑ | 50 (44–56) | <0.001 |
| ALT (u/L) | 27 (23–27)α,¥ | 26 (23–27)β,Δ | 34 (33–27)⁑ | 37 (36–40) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 117 ± 25 | 115 ± 25 | 117 ± 24 | 113 ± 25 | 0.911 |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4)α | 1.2 (1.0–1.4)β | 2.1 (1.5–3.1)⁑ | 17 (11–22) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) | 4 (3–36)α,¥ | 4 (4–35)β,Δ | 499 (34–725)⁑ | 750 (499–1550) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 23 (10–33)α | 21 (11–34)β | 100 (41–111)⁑ | 123 (110–567) | 0.033 |
| hs-cTnI (ng/L) | 5 (3–13)α | 5 (3–14)β | 16 (14–30)⁑ | 20 (14–156) | 0.005 |
Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation, median and interquartile range, or n (%). ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; hs-CRP: high sensitive C reactive protein; hs-cTnI: high sensitive cardiac troponin I; LDL: low density lipoprotein; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; SBP: systolic blood pressure. Group I: Healthy controls, group II: patients with COVID-19 without pneumonia, group III: patients with COVID-19 and mild pneumonia, group IV: patients with COVID-19 and severe pneumonia.
= significant difference between group I and group IV (p < 0.05).
= significant difference between group I and group III (p < 0.05).
= significant difference between group I and group II (p < 0.05).
= significant difference between group II and group IV (p < 0.05).
= significant difference between group II and group III (p < 0.05).
= significant difference between group III and group IV (p < 0.05).