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. 2021 Sep 13;2021:5554259. doi: 10.1155/2021/5554259

Table 5.

The effects of A. cepa and its constituents on allergic and immunologic disorders.

Study type Plant preparations Dose Study models Effects Ref.
Exp A. cepa extract 100 and 1,000 mg/kg/day Antiallergic immune response Improved Th1/Th2 balance; reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels [131]
A. cepa extract 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w, Intranasal Decreased cellular infiltration and eosinophil and lymphocyte count in the blood and BALF [91]
A. cepa extract Onion 20 and 40 μl Intranasal Decreased mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α [119]
A. cepa extract 10 mg/400 mL Peritoneal cells Decreased cytokine release, macrophage phagocytic activity, and NK cell activity [152]
A. cepa extract 20 μL Lung eosinophilia infiltration Reduced inflammatory cytokines and total cell counts in BALF and EPO in the lungs [31]
A. cepa extract 500 mg/kg Lung and tissue Decreased no, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β levels [153]
A. cepa extract 500 and 50 mg/kg/day Pulmonary tissues Low doses of onion was not toxic but high dose was toxic to rats [154]
A. cepa extract 250–600 mg Allergic rhinitis Reduced production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 [30]
Kaempferol 75 mg/kg OVA-sensitized mice Reduced Th2, Th17, IL-4, IL-17, and TGF-β but increased Treg cells, Th1/Th2 ratio, FOXP3, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, and IFN-γ gene expressions [155]
Kaempferol 20 μmol/l OVA-sensitized mice Decreased IL-1β-induced NF-κb p65 DNA-binding activity and nuclear c-Jun expression [156]
Kaempferol — OVA-sensitized rats Reduced eosinophil count, IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels [157]
Kaempferol 50 µM OVA-sensitized rats Inhibited LTB4 production without cytotoxicity [158]
SAC 10 or 20 mg/kg OVA-sensitized mice Reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell counts, Th2-type cytokines in BALF, and serum OVA-specific IgE [159]
SAC — C57BL/6 mice Alleviated clinical symptoms; improved TNF-α, IL-17, ADNP, MAP1LC3A, and MMP-9 levels [160]
SAC — MISD in mice Inhibited TNF-α-induced activation of p38, JNK, and NF-κβ pathways [161]
Kaempferol 0.46 g OVA-sensitized guinea pigs Decreased histamine and leukotrienes; increased PGE2 [162]
Amentoflavone — Mouse ear and rat paw edema Inhibited phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase pathway [163]
Quercetin 30 mg/kg Bone marrow-derived mast cells Decrease allergen-induced airway hyper responsiveness, Th2 responses in the lung, lung eosinophilia, and goblet cell metaplasia [164]
Kaempferol 10 or 20 μM Knee osteoarthritic rats Decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA levels [165]
Kaempferol 25, 50, 100, and 200 μm Rat articular chondrocytes cultures Reduced interleukin-1β-stimulated proinflammatory mediators by inhibiting the NF-κβ pathway [166]
FFR + onion 150 and 400 mg/kg/d Wistar rats Decreased heart ENOS and VCAM-1 [125]
Kaempferol 2 mg/kg/day or 10 mg/kg/day Rat gingival tissues Reduced INOS and TNF-α expression and nuclear p6; increased cytosolic p65; downregulated Erk, p38, JNK, and NIK/IKK expression [167]
Quercetin and kaempferol 10 and 20 μM Rbl-2h3 intestinal cells Inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and IL-4 in antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells [41]
SAC 10 to 600 µmol/L Splenocytes of asthmatic mice Inhibited TNF-α-induced inflammation in HaCaT cells [141]
Thiosulfonates 100 mg/kg Guinea pig model of asthma Inhibited inflammatory cell influx by thiosulfinates [95]
Kaempferol 1–20 μmol/l Asthmatic mice Inhibited eosinophil adhesion to TNF-α-activated airway epithelium [140]
Kaempferol 0.22 μm BALB/c mice Inhibited IL-4-induced transcription factor STAT6 activation by specifically targeting Janus kinase 3 [139]
Polygonum tinctorium Lour. 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg OVA-induced mouse asthma Reduced caspase-1 activity in nasal mucosa, IL-32, and IL-8 [168]
Kaempferol 20 μm BALB/c mice model of asthma Suppressed LPS-induced IL-8 through the TLR4 activation; inhibited eotaxin-1 induction [169]
Kaempferol — LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells Suppressed LPS-induced MDC, IP-10, IL-8, Th1, Th2, and neutrophil-related chemokines [170]
Kaempferol   Mouse model of asthma Deceased inflammatory cell invasion, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus secretion, regulated TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 [171]
Quercetin 40 μM Allergic asthma Inhibited rat tracheal contractility [59]
Quercetin 8 or 16 mg/kg Allergic asthma BALB/c Decreased allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness; improved Th1/Th2 balance via the suppression of GATA-3 and increase of T-bet expression [32]
Quercetin 25 mg/kg Allergic asthma BALB/c Inhibited nasal rubbing movements and sneezing [172]
Quercetin 20 mg/kg Allergic asthma BALB/c Inhibited nasal symptoms; increased TRX levels in nasal lavage fluids [173]
Clin A. cepa extract Onion juice 52 g Neuronal cell oxidative stress Improved clinical symptoms; increased phagocytic and intracellular killing activities of PMNs and CD8 counts [81]
A. cepa extract — Allergic rhinitis Reduced IgE and eosinophil count in nasal discharge; stabilized mast cell membranes [127]
A. cepa extract — Allergic disorders Relieving perennial allergic rhinitis symptoms; increased phagocytic and intracellular killing activities of PMNs and CD8 counts [174]
A. cepa extract 50 g Allergic induction Severe allergic reactions induced by cooked onion [175]
A. cepa extract — Allergic hypersensitivity Improved clinical symptoms [128]

Ref.: references, Exp: experimental, Clin: clinical, IFN-γ: interferon- γ, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, EPO: eosinophil peroxidase, BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage, MDA: malondialdehyde, NO2: nitrite, NO3: nitrate, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoproteins, TG: triglycerides, HDL-C: high-density lipoproteins, PPAR γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, TSM: tracheal smooth muscle, i.p.: intraperitoneally, MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase 9, MAP1LC3A: microtubule-associated proteins 1 A/1 B light chain 3A, ADNP: activity-dependent neuroprotector homeobox, ENOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase, VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, IL-17: interleukin 17, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, LTB4: leukotriene B4, THP-1: human monocytic cell line, OVA: ovalbumin, C57BL: C57 black 6, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, SAC: S-allyl cysteine, and MISD: multiple inflammatory skin diseases.