Table 2.
Summary and characteristics of the clinical studies.
| Author/year | Country | Study design | Type of lipoprotein | Sample | Type of cancer | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brantley et al. [33] Ref 32 |
USA | Prospective cohort study | TG, LDL-C, HDL-C | Case: 341 | Colorectal cancer | Increase HDL-C exhibits beneficial effect on recurrence-free survival among statin users. Serum LDL-C and triglycerides were not associated with colorectal cancer recurrence. |
| Benn et al. [19] Ref 18 |
Denmark | Mendelian randomization study | LDL-C | Case: 70,179 | Invasive cancer | LDL-C level was associated with an increased cancer risk 43% increase (95%confidence interval [CI] = 15% to 79% increase). |
| Bhat et al. [17] Ref 16 |
India | Case-control study | TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C | Total: 120 Case: 60 Control: 60 |
Breast cancer | LDL-C increased significantly (r2 = 0.031; p = 0.0003) only in the postmenopausal women than controls but HDL-C remains unchanged. |
| Crespo-Sanjuan et al. [30] Ref 28 |
Spain | Case-control study | oxLDL, HDL-C | Total: 142 Case: 128 Control: 14 |
Colorectal cancer | Increase of oxLDL at the polyp stage in patients without dysplasia indicates relevance of oxLDL as an early risk marker. Increase of HDL-C in patients shows that HDL-C has protective effect. |
| Diakowska et al. [14] Ref 13 |
Poland | Case-control observational study | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C | Total: 108 Case: 73 Control: 35 |
Colorectal cancer | oxLDL was significantly higher in early stage of primary tumor than advanced stage tumor. |
| Hu et al. [15] Ref 15 |
China | FIESTA observational study | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C | Case: 3012 | Gastric cancer | Atherogenic index and LHR are better predictor of gastric cancer mortality in male patients or TNM stages I and II or intestinal type gastric cancer. |
| Jamnagerwalla et al. [12] Ref 11 |
USA | REDUCE observational study | TC, HDL-C, LDL-C | Case: 4974 | Prostate cancer | High total cholesterol and high HDL-C were associated with increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. |
| Kumar et al. [21] Ref 20 |
India | Case-control study | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C | Total: 200 Case: 100 Control: 100 |
Breast cancer | LDL-C, TG, and TC were associated with breast cancer (p < 0.05). However, there was no association with different grades of carcinoma. LDL-C, TG, and TC may have some role in aetiology of breast cancer. |
| Laisupasin et al. [22] Ref 21 |
Thailand | Case-control study | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C | Total: 403 Case: 249 Control: 154 |
Breast cancer | TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C levels in breast cancer group were significantly increased than normal control group (p < 0.001). HDL-C and TC levels were not associated. |
| Llanos et al. [18] Ref 17 |
USA | Case-control study | TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C | Total: 199 Case: 97 Control: 102 |
Breast cancer | Increase of LDL-C was inversely associated with breast cancer risk (OR = 0.41 (0.21–0.81)). Low level of HDL-C was associated with significant increase in breast cancer risk (OR = 1.99 (1.06–3.74)). |
| Lofterød et al. [31] Ref 29 |
Norway | Prospective study Tromsø study |
Total cholesterol Triglycerides HDL-C |
Case: 464 | Breast cancer | Significant interaction between triglycerides and TNBC and HDL-C to total cholesterol ratio and TNBC Strong association between prediagnostic triglycerides and overall mortality and breast cancer-free interval in TNBC patients 5-year overall survival lower in TNBC patients having high triglycerides HER2 patients with high triglycerides and HDL-C to total cholesterol ratio exhibit inverse association with overall mortality. |
| Ma et al. [29] Ref 27 |
China | Observational study | oxLDL | Case: 28 | Gastric cancer | Concentration of plasma oxLDL is significantly increased at higher stage of lymph node metastasis. |
| Mosapour et al. [34] Ref 31 |
Iran | Case-control study | VLDL-C | Total: 105 Case: malignant (50), benign (35) Control: 20 |
Breast cancer | Positive association between VLDL-C with grade, Ki67, and size of tumor High level of VLDL-C in premenopausal patients |
| Nowak et al. [20] Ref 19 |
Sweden | Mendelian randomization study | HDL-C and LDL-C | >400,000 | Breast cancer | Raised LDL-C increased the risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.09 (1.02–1.18)) and ER-positive breast cancer (OR = 1.14 (1.05–1.24)). Raised HDL-C increased the risk of ER-positive breast cancer (OR = 1.13 (1.01–1.26)). |
| Raza et al. [24] Ref 23 |
Pakistan | Case-control study | TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C | Total: 384 Case: 208 Control: 176 |
Breast cancer | Increase in TC (4%), LDL-C (23%), and TG (11%) was observed from tumor grades I and II, significantly high (p < 0.05) compared to control subjects. |
| Rodrigues dos Santos et al. [25, 26] Ref 24 |
Portugal | Prospective | TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C | 244 | Breast cancer | Systemic level of LDL-C was correlated positively with tumor size (Spearman's r = 0.199, p = 0.002). |
| Saito et al. [28] Ref 26 |
Japan | Prospective | LDL-C | 16,217 | Liver cancer | Low LDL-C 4.33 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.94, 9.68) was associated with elevated risk of mortality in liver cancer. |
| Wan et al. [23] Ref 22 |
China | Case-control study | oxLDL-C | Total: 100 Case: 75 Control: 25 |
Prostate cancer | oxLDL-C level was significantly correlated with N stage of prostate cancer. |
| Xie et al. [27] Ref 25 |
China | Case-control study | TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C | Total: 1140 Case: 16 Control: 1124 |
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | TG and TC were independent risk factors in male NPC patients with p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively. |
| Yang et al. [13] Ref 12 |
China | Case-control study | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, oxLDL-C | Total: 67 Case: 39 Control: 19 Healthy: 9 |
Leukemia | oxLDL was significantly higher in patients with leukemia than those without malignancies. |
| Yuan et al. [32] Ref 30 |
China | Retrospective study | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo A, Apo B | Case: 99 | Gallbladder cancer | Decrease in HDL-C correlated with poor survival |
∗TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; oxLDL-C: oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.