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. 2021 Sep 20;11:18641. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97535-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Intranasal vaccination elicited Th1 cellular and humoral immune responses. (A, B) ELISPOT assays were used to evaluate the type of cellular immune response (Th1 or Th2). The numbers of IL-4- and IFN-γ-secreting cells among spleen cells stimulated with F were determined. (C) The titers of IgG1 and IgG2a in serum collected 14 days after the immunization boost were calculated to determine the type of humoral immune response. Statistically significant differences were determined by one-way ANOVA with the Newman–Keuls posttest. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. The bars represent the mean values with standard deviations.