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. 2021 Sep 20;11:18643. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97136-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Loneliness/social isolation and history of past/present chronic pain. (a) Odds ratios of the prevalence of past and present chronic pain in model 2 by the degree of loneliness; (b) Odds ratios of the prevalence of past and present chronic pain in model 2 according to the frequency of feelings of social isolation. X-axis indicated odds ratio. Bars indicated 95% confidence intervals. Abbreviations: mod-sev moderate-to-severe; OR odds ratio.