TABLE 5.
Means, standard deviations, and correlations among the study variables in Study 2.
| Variable | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| (1) Age | 31.40 | 7.27 | 1.36 | 2.18 | 1 | |||||||||||
| (2) Gender | 1.61 | 0.49 | –0.47 | –1.79 | −.19** | 1 | ||||||||||
| (3) Education | 3.98 | 0.59 | –0.66 | 2.77 | −0.15** | 0.05 | 1 | |||||||||
| (4) Work time | 42.18 | 15.28 | –0.51 | 1.78 | –0.03 | –0.11 | 0.04 | 1 | ||||||||
| (5) Tenure | 6.33 | 5.32 | 1.69 | 3.15 | 0.77** | –0.10 | −0.20** | –0.10 | 1 | |||||||
| (6) Time urgency | 4.27 | 1.25 | –0.35 | –0.59 | –0.02 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.02 | –0.06 | (0.91) | ||||||
| (7) Role conflict | 4.16 | 1.37 | –0.22 | –0.80 | −0.13* | –0.07 | 0.02 | –0.02 | −0.14* | 0.49** | (0.86) | |||||
| (8) Emotional demand | 2.80 | 0.94 | 0.11 | –0.68 | –0.09 | 0.14* | 0.03 | 0.01 | –0.10 | 0.54** | 0.48** | (0.82) | ||||
| (9) Autonomy | 4.45 | 1.40 | –0.27 | –0.81 | 0.16** | 0.03 | –0.04 | −0.11* | 0.14* | −0.32** | −0.41** | −0.26** | (0.92) | |||
| (10) Colleague support | 3.47 | 0.71 | –0.55 | 0.30 | 0.10 | –0.02 | –0.01 | –0.05 | 0.11* | −0.28** | −0.21** | −0.29** | 0.39** | (0.71) | ||
| (11) Supervisor support | 3.20 | 0.84 | –0.29 | –0.40 | 0.15** | –0.03 | –0.02 | −0.13* | 0.16** | −0.24** | −0.26** | −0.25** | 0.44** | 0.68** | (0.78) | |
| (12) Feedback | 3.54 | 0.87 | –0.82 | 0.44 | 0.11 | –0.03 | 0.09 | –0.08 | 0.09 | –0.08 | −0.14* | −0.13* | 0.20** | 0.45** | 0.53** | (0.79) |
| (13) Time urgency CA | 5.07 | 1.05 | –0.85 | 0.85 | 0.13* | –0.02 | 0.04 | −0.13* | 0.11 | −0.13* | −0.19** | −0.27** | 0.42** | 0.51** | 0.50** | 0.36** |
| (14) Time urgency HA | 3.68 | 1.16 | 0.14 | –0.24 | –0.03 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.04 | –0.05 | 0.40** | 0.40** | 0.46** | −0.35** | −0.39** | −0.37** | −0.21** |
| (15) Role conflict CA | 4.57 | 1.27 | –0.47 | –0.23 | 0.15** | 0.09 | –0.02 | −0.12* | 0.11* | 0.00 | –0.03 | –0.03 | 0.30** | 0.38** | 0.41** | 0.31** |
| (16) Role conflict HA | 4.11 | 1.35 | –0.24 | –0.57 | –0.06 | –0.02 | 0.09 | 0.03 | –0.05 | 0.22** | 0.24** | 0.27** | −0.24** | −0.28** | −0.32** | −0.18** |
| (17) Emotional demand CA | 4.63 | 1.30 | –0.49 | –0.29 | 0.12* | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.11* | 0.08 | –0.06 | –0.09 | −0.14* | 0.34** | 0.43** | 0.49** | 0.30** |
| (18) Emotional demand HA | 3.91 | 1.40 | 0.01 | –0.86 | –0.01 | 0.00 | 0.12* | 0.01 | –0.04 | 0.27** | 0.27** | 0.29** | −0.21** | −0.20** | −0.26** | −0.13* |
| (19) Autonomy CA | 5.50 | 0.83 | –0.88 | 2.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | –0.01 | −0.11* | 0.05 | −0.11* | −0.15** | –0.09 | 0.27** | 0.30** | 0.26** | 0.13* |
| (20) Autonomy HA | 2.96 | 1.25 | 0.69 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 | –0.09 | –0.02 | 0.30** | 0.38** | 0.27** | −0.17** | −0.11* | –0.06 | –0.01 |
| (21) Colleague support CA | 5.37 | 0.86 | –0.65 | 2.29 | –0.03 | 0.02 | –0.03 | –0.05 | –0.02 | −0.15** | −0.14* | −0.18** | 0.23** | 0.38** | 0.30** | 0.19** |
| (22) Colleague support HA | 2.88 | 1.19 | 0.80 | 0.54 | 0.08 | –0.04 | 0.03 | –0.07 | 0.03 | 0.20** | 0.22** | 0.18** | –0.04 | –0.02 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
| (23) Supervisor support CA | 5.43 | 0.90 | –0.99 | 2.64 | –0.01 | –0.04 | 0.07 | –0.10 | –0.02 | −0.13* | −0.12* | −0.21** | 0.28** | 0.32** | 0.35** | 0.25** |
| (24) Supervisor support HA | 2.85 | 1.21 | 0.92 | 0.58 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | –0.09 | 0.00 | 0.29** | 0.25** | 0.23** | –0.06 | –0.06 | –0.05 | –0.01 |
| (25) Feedback CA | 5.46 | 0.83 | –0.90 | 3.10 | –0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | –0.08 | −0.13* | –0.09 | 0.26** | 0.30** | 0.24** | 0.20** |
| (26) Feedback HA | 2.80 | 1.17 | 0.88 | 0.74 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.12* | 0.03 | 0.26** | 0.27** | 0.20** | −0.11* | −0.11* | –0.02 | 0.02 |
| (27) Burnout | 2.50 | 1.15 | 0.35 | 0.02 | −0.16** | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.15** | 0.49** | 0.48** | 0.62** | −0.42** | −0.44** | −0.44** | −0.30** |
| (28) Engagement | 3.20 | 1.12 | 0.05 | –0.46 | 0.22** | –0.05 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.17** | −0.27** | −0.27** | −0.43** | 0.43** | 0.50** | 0.49** | 0.38** |
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Variable | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| (13) Time urgency CA | (0.85) | |||||||||||||||
| (14) Time urgency HA | −0.55** | (0.85) | ||||||||||||||
| (15) Role conflict CA | 0.62** | −0.28** | (0.89) | |||||||||||||
| (16) Role conflict HA | −0.37** | 0.57** | −0.58** | (0.91) | ||||||||||||
| (17) Emotional demand CA | 0.68** | −0.42** | 0.72** | −0.47** | (0.90) | |||||||||||
| (18) Emotional demand HA | −0.28** | 0.64** | −0.31** | 0.71** | −0.53** | (0.92) | ||||||||||
| (19) Autonomy CA | 0.45** | −0.17** | 0.25** | –0.04 | 0.30** | –0.03 | (0.82) | |||||||||
| (20) Autonomy HA | –0.08 | 0.38** | 0.09 | 0.28** | 0.02 | 0.32** | −0.40** | (0.93) | ||||||||
| (21) Colleague support CA | 0.49** | −0.25** | 0.35** | −0.20** | 0.38** | –0.09 | 0.62** | −0.25** | (0.83) | |||||||
| (22) Colleague support HA | –0.04 | 0.31** | 0.12* | 0.28** | 0.12* | 0.31** | −0.29** | 0.62** | −0.25** | (0.91) | ||||||
| (23) Supervisor support CA | 0.54** | −0.32** | 0.35** | −0.22** | 0.36** | −0.16** | 0.58** | −0.25** | 0.72** | −0.27** | (0.86) | |||||
| (24) Supervisor support HA | –0.09 | 0.33** | 0.11 | 0.25** | 0.10 | 0.30** | −0.27** | 0.67** | −0.27** | 0.74** | −0.42** | (0.92) | ||||
| (25) Feedback CA | 0.48** | −0.25** | 0.37** | −0.17** | 0.37** | –0.10 | 0.61** | −0.26** | 0.71** | −0.21** | 0.65** | −0.23** | (0.83) | |||
| (26) Feedback HA | –0.10 | 0.34** | 0.07 | 0.26** | 0.03 | 0.28** | −0.35** | 0.65** | −0.34** | 0.71** | −0.30** | 0.73** | −0.44** | (0.92) | ||
| (27) Burnout | −0.42** | 0.53** | −0.24** | 0.36** | −0.34** | 0.38** | −0.27** | 0.29** | −0.36** | 0.21** | −0.35** | 0.29** | −0.33** | 0.30** | (0.94) | |
| (28) Engagement | 0.56** | −0.51** | 0.34** | −0.30** | 0.47** | −0.31** | 0.32** | −0.18** | 0.41** | –0.09 | 0.41** | −0.16** | 0.37** | −0.15** | −0.75** | (0.94) |
CA, challenge appraisal; HA, hindrance appraisal. Reliability estimates (alpha) between brackets on the diagonal.*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 level (two-tailed).