Table 1.
Time | Week 5 | Week 7 | Week 9 | p -value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | CTL | CMP | CTL | CMP | CTL | CMP | SEM | Treat. | Time | T × T |
BW, kg | 6.53 | 6.66 | 8.33 | 8.39 | 9.49 | 9.15 | 0.208 | 0.980 | <0.001 | 0.124 |
Rumen pH | 6.53 | 6.65 | 6.42 | 6.55 | 7.00 | 7.08 | 0.036 | 0.046 | <0.001 | 0.775 |
NH3-N, mg/dl | 17.1 | 18.1 | 14.8 | 13.7 | 2.74 | 7.93 | 0.883 | 0.279 | <0.001 | 0.158 |
VFA, mM | 25.0 | 23.9 | 31.8 | 32.4 | 30.6 | 36.4 | 1.160 | 0.452 | 0.002 | 0.193 |
Acetate, % | 74.7 | 72.5 | 71.4 | 69.0 | 64.0 | 63.4 | 0.723 | 0.158 | <0.001 | 0.576 |
Propionate, % | 13.5 | 13.7 | 16.1 | 16.6 | 19.0 | 17.1 | 0.374 | 0.515 | <0.001 | 0.229 |
Butyrate, % | 4.83d | 6.06cd | 7.04c | 8.68b | 6.28c | 11.5a | 0.298 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Valerate, % | 2.29 | 2.22 | 2.09 | 2.02 | 2.04 | 2.02 | 0.051 | 0.955 | 0.039 | 0.534 |
Isobutyrate, % | 2.04 | 2.69 | 1.50 | 1.59 | 2.29 | 2.38 | 0.101 | 0.187 | 0.920 | 0.263 |
Isovalerate, % | 2.61bc | 2.91ab | 1.92d | 2.12cd | 2.21cd | 3.40a | 0.103 | 0.009 | 0.831 | 0.049 |
BCVFA1, % % | 4.64 | 5.59 | 3.36 | 3.68 | 4.50 | 5.78 | 0.187 | 0.033 | 0.957 | 0.685 |
Blood metabolites | ||||||||||
BHB, mM | 0.97 | 1.49 | 1.34 | 2.40 | 2.69 | 3.18 | 0.198 | 0.048 | 0.015 | 0.935 |
Glucose, mg/dl | 105 | 94.0 | 101 | 78.1 | 73.8 | 82.6 | 3.020 | 0.052 | 0.008 | 0.082 |
Ratio BHB/glucose | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.069 | 0.088 | 0.013 | 0.354 |
Urea, mg/dl | 16.1 | 21.1 | 24.0 | 17.9 | 35.0 | 40.3 | 1.660 | 0.479 | 0.001 | 0.705 |
Total proteins, g/l | 53.1 | 53.4 | 61.0 | 59.4 | 57.1 | 59.6 | 0.746 | 0.554 | 0.052 | 0.297 |
Means within a row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05).
Branched-chain VFA= iso-valerate + iso-butyrate.