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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Metabolism. 2021 Aug 13;123:154864. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154864

Fig. 5. AMPD3 increases BCAA transamination and BCKA efflux.

Fig. 5

(A) Simplified schematic depicting the connection between de novo glutamine synthesis, de novo alanine synthesis, and BCAA transamination. (B-C) Intracellular branched chain amino acids (BCAA’s) and branched chain keto-acids (BCKA’s), KIC (α-ketoisocaproate), KMV (α-keto-β-methylvalerate), and KIV (α-ketoisovalerate) (E) Intracellular glutamine (D) Intracellular substrates (glutamate + pyruvate) and products (alanine + α-KG) of ALT. Metabolite values were normalized to protein concentration. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test between GFP vs AMPD3. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. n=7/group (F) Extracellular (media) levels of BCAA’s, BCKA’s, glutamate, glutamine, alanine, and pyruvate. Statistical significance was determined by ordinary one-way ANOVA. * p<0.05 vs. DMEM, # p<0.05 vs. GFP. n=3/group