(A) Intracellular metabolites of the glycolysis pathway. Metabolite values were normalized to protein concentration. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. n=7/group. (B) Media concentrations of substrates and products of glycolysis (glucose, pyruvate, and lactate). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test, if required. * p<0.05 vs. DMEM. n=3 (C) Intracellular metabolites of the polyol pathway. Metabolite values were normalized to protein concentration. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. n=7/group.