Table 1.
Propensity Score-Matched Clinical Care Population with Atrial Fibrillation Treated with Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Warfarin*
| Characteristics | Dabigatran Cohort | Rivaroxaban Cohort | Apixaban Cohort | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warfarin (n=79,365) |
Dabigatran (n=79,365) |
Warfarin (n=137,972) |
Rivaroxaban (n=137,972) |
Warfarin (n=109,369) |
Apixaban (n=109,369) |
|
| Age, years | 76.4 (7.1) | 76.4 (7.1) | 76.8 (7.3) | 76.8 (7.2) | 77.3 (7.4) | 77.3 (7.4) |
| Female | 49.9 | 49.9 | 49.9 | 49.9 | 50.6 | 50.4 |
| White race | 91.7 | 91.7 | 91.2 | 91.2 | 91.5 | 91.5 |
| Combined comorbidity index | 2.2 (2.1) | 2.2 (2.2) | 2.4 (2.3) | 2.4 (2.3) | 2.7 (2.5) | 2.7 (2.5) |
| CFI | 0.19 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 4.1 (1.6) | 4.1 (1.6) | 4.1 (1.6) | 4.1 (1.6) | 4.2 (1.6) | 4.2 (1.6) |
| HAS-BLED score | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Acute kidney disease | 5.5 | 5.5 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 10.8 | 10.8 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 3.3 | 3.2 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 |
| Anemia | 18.2 | 18.3 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 21.4 | 21.5 |
| Cancer | 13.4 | 13.5 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 13.8 |
| Cardioversion | 3.8 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 9.7 | 9.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 16.4 | 16.5 |
| Chronic lung disease | 19.6 | 19.6 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 22.1 | 22.1 |
| Dementia | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.0 |
| Diabetes | 33.0 | 32.9 | 33.7 | 33.7 | 34.7 | 34.8 |
| Falls | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Fractures | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| GI bleeding (inpatient) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 |
| Heart failure (inpatient) | 12.2 | 12.2 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 15.8 | 15.9 |
| Hypertension | 62.3 | 62.7 | 66.5 | 66.5 | 69.5 | 69.6 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 37.7 | 37.7 | 37.7 | 37.6 | 39.0 | 39.0 |
| Stroke (inpatient) | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| Medications | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors | 25.3 | 25.3 | 26.0 | 26.1 | 26.7 | 26.6 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 7.1 | 7.1 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.9 |
| Antiarrhythmic agents | 20.4 | 20.5 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 17.0 | 17.0 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 14.6 | 14.8 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 14.5 | 14.4 |
| Benzodiazepines | 7.2 | 7.2 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 14.6 | 14.6 |
| Beta-blockers | 62.0 | 62.2 | 63.8 | 63.9 | 65.6 | 65.6 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 |
| Dementia drugs | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Diuretics | 49.1 | 49.0 | 50.8 | 50.7 | 52.6 | 52.6 |
| H2-blockers | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.4 |
| Hypnotics | 8.6 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 6.4 |
| Insulin | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
| Metformin | 15.3 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 15.6 |
| NSAIDs | 13.6 | 13.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 |
| Opioids | 29.0 | 29.1 | 30.3 | 30.1 | 30.0 | 30.2 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 26.9 | 26.9 | 28.3 | 28.1 | 29.1 | 29.1 |
| SSRIs/SNRIs | 16.9 | 16.8 | 17.6 | 17.5 | 18.1 | 18.1 |
| Statins | 57.8 | 57.9 | 58.3 | 58.3 | 59.7 | 59.8 |
| Health care utilization in 183 days | ||||||
| Emergency department visits | 0.36 (0.78) | 0.35 (0.76) | 0.40 (0.82) | 0.40 (0.79) | 0.42 (0.83) | 0.42 (0.78) |
| Home health services | 0.11 (0.46) | 0.11 (0.44) | 0.07 (0.36) | 0.07 (0.35) | 0.04 (0.28) | 0.05 (0.28) |
| Hospitalizations | 0.49 (0.77) | 0.50 (0.77) | 0.54 (0.81) | 0.54 (0.79) | 0.57 (0.84) | 0.57 (0.82) |
| Skilled nursing facility stays | 0.08 (0.52) | 0.08 (0.50) | 0.06 (0.43) | 0.06 (0.44) | 0.03 (0.30) | 0.03 (0.31) |
| Geographic region | ||||||
| Northeast | 19.9 | 19.8 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 19.8 | 19.8 |
| Midwest | 22.6 | 22.5 | 25.9 | 25.9 | 26.9 | 27.0 |
| South | 40.1 | 40.3 | 37.2 | 37.1 | 35.5 | 35.7 |
| West | 17.3 | 17.3 | 17.5 | 17.6 | 17.7 | 17.4 |
| Other | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; CFI, claims-based frailty index; GI, gastrointestinal; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SNRI, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
*
Data are presented in proportions or mean (standard deviation). Standardized mean difference <0.1 for all variables (see Supplementary Table 2 for the entire list of variables).