Table 2.

Narrative Synthesis of Nine Included Mindfulness-Based Interventions with Results.

Author/Year	Participants/Avg. Age	Study Design/Follow-up	Study Condition/ (n)	Adherence Measure(s)	Additional Variables*	Summary of Reported Results
Carey, M. 2019	Adult PLW HIV M age: 47.5 50% female	RCT 10-week 3-month	Intervention: MBSR (n=20) Control: Health coaching (n=22)	Biomarker: Viral Load Self-report: Custom measure** Direct measure: Pill counts	Sexual Risk Behavior Depression Distress Mindfulness Impulsivity	No significant difference in pill count or self-report adherence. Viral suppression (>500 copies/mL) increased for MBSR and Control at 10 weeks trending toward significance but not sustained at 3 months. Reductions in depression, anxiety, distress, & impulsivity did not differ significantly between groups at follow-up.
Cetin, N. 2018	Adults w/ Schizophrenia M age:21–60 31% female	RCT 10-week	Intervention: MBSR (n=55) Control: not listed (n=80)	Self-report: Medication Adherence Rating Scale	Cognitive Insight	Adherence scores in the MBSR v Control were statistically significant at 10 weeks (p <.05). Cognitive insight total score and self-expression subscale were significantly improved compared to control (p<.05).
Duncan, L. 2012	Adult PLW HIV M age: 48 16% female	RCT 3-month 6-month	Intervention: MBSR (n=40) Control: WLC (n=36)	Self-report: 3-day AIDS Clinical Trials Group Self-report: Visual Analogue Scale-30 day	ART-Side Effects Quality of Life Cognitive Function Aggression Mindfulness Self-regulation	No significant differences in adherence. MBSR vs Control reported significant reductions in ART symptoms at 3 months (p=.04) & 6 month (p=.025), however there were no significant improvements in any other outcomes compared with control.
Eunjoo, A. 2019	Adults w/ elevated BP (> 120/80) M age: 60 75% female	RCT 13-week	Intervention: MAP (n=20) Control: Health education (n=16)	Self-report: Brief medication questionnaire	Systolic BP Direct Diastolic BP Direct Diet/Nutrition Physical Activity	No significant increase in adherence. Significant reductions in diastolic (p=.005) & systolic (p=.003) BP were observed for MAP vs Control at 13-weeks.
Khoury, B. 2015	Adults w/ early psychosis M age:29 33% female	1-arm 10-week 3-month	Intervention: CAM (n=12)	Self-report: Medication Adherence Rating Scale	Anxiety Cognitive Insight Emotional Regulation Interpersonal Behavior Mindfulness Psychiatric Symptoms Distress	No significant difference in adherence. For the total sample, post treatment effects on adherence outcomes were not significant at 10 weeks. The study found that anxiety, self-neglect and somatic concerns significantly decreased at 3-month follow-up (p< .05).
Liang, H. 2019	Patients w/ acute myocardial infarction after PCI M age: 55 32.5% female	RCT 10-week	Intervention: MBSR (n=58) Control: Nursing education (n=58)	Self-report: Medication compliance scale adapted**	Anxiety Depression Life Satisfaction Sleep Quality Nursing Satisfaction	Medication adherence, drug abuse, and unauthorized drug withdrawal significantly improved in MBSR vs Control (p<.001). Anxiety, depression significantly reduced at 10 week (p<.05) / 3 month vs Control and Quality of sleep and quality of life significantly improved vs Control (p<.05).
Loucks. E.B. 2020	Adults w/ elevated BP (> 120/80) M age: 60 61.2% female	1-arm 3-month 6-months 12-months	Intervention: MB-BP (n=48)	Direct measure: Electronic Monitoring Caps (eCaps)	Systolic BP Direct Diastolic BP Direct Medication Usage Diet/Nutrition Body Mass Index Physical Activity Mindfulness Emotional Regulation Distress	Among participants (n=16) who elected to use the eCap monitoring medication adherence significantly decreased (p<0.001) from 91% to 87% at 3-month follow-up returning to baseline levels at 6 & 12 months. Changes at 3, 6, & 12 months were observed in dietary behavior (p<.0001) and at 6 & 12 months in emotional regulation (p<.05). The number of participants decreasing medication use did not significantly differ from those who increased use at 3, 6, & 12 months.
Nelson, C. 2019	Men in penile rehabilitation post prostatectomy M age: 60 0% female	RCT 4-month 8-month	Intervention: ACT (n=26) Control: Injection training (n=27)	Direct Measure: # of reported syringes used at follow-up	Depression Treatment Regret Sexual Bother Sexual Self-Esteem Sexual Confidence Treatment Satisfaction	ACT significantly more adherent to injection use at 4 month (p=.02). Injection use significantly increased at 4 (p=.0001) & 8 months (p=.003) vs Control. ACT vs Control showed significantly lower prostate cancer treatment regret at 4-months (p=.02).
Webb, L. 2018	Adolescent PLW HIV M age: 18 45.8% female	RCT 3-month	Intervention: MBSR (n=38) Control: Health education (n=34)	Biomarker: Viral Load, CD4 count Self-report: 6-item self-report measure adapted**	Cognitive Function Expressive Attention Mindfulness Aggression Distress Quality of Life Self-Regulation	At 3-month follow-up VL decreased significantly for participants in the intervention group with high VL at baseline (p=.04) and did not increase significantly among patients with a low VL at baseline. MBSR participants had significantly higher mindfulness (p=.03), problem solving to coping (p=.03), life satisfaction (p=.05) and lower aggression (p=.002) vs Control at 3-months.

RCT= Randomized Controlled Trial; PLW HIV: People living with HIV; MBSR= Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction; WLC=Waitlist Control; MAP=Mindfulness Awareness Program; BP: Blood pressure; CAM=Compassion, Acceptance, and Mindfulness intervention; MB-BP: Mindfulness-Based Blood Pressure Study; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACT=Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; CD4: cluster of differentiation 4.

^*For a listing of measures used to assess all variables beyond medication adherence please see Appendix 1.

^**Investigators customized measures for medication adherence from previous measures. Measures where based off validated instruments (e.g. Medication Adherence Rating Scale and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale).