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. 2020 May 16;189(12):1559–1567. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaa083

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Statistical power and coverage of estimators of the natural direct effect (NDE) and the natural indirect effect (NIE), by sample size, estimation method, and effect size, for data-generating mechanisms (DGMs) reflecting no Z and A-M interaction. A) NDE for DGM 3 (small effect size); B) NIE for DGM 3 (small effect size); C) NDE for DGM 5 (large effect size); D) NIE for DGM 5 (large effect size). “Baron and Kenny” corresponds to the original version of the Baron and Kenny estimator (6). “Ixn exn to B and K” corresponds to the extension to the Baron and Kenny estimator that allows for A-M interaction (8). TMLE1 corresponds to variance estimated using the efficient influence curve, and TMLE2 represents variance calculated using the bootstrap. Ixn exn, interaction extension; TMLE, targeted maximum likelihood estimation.