Table 2.
Clinical characteristics
| First Author | N | Type | Diagnosis | Co-infection onset | Presentation | Dx findings | Treatments and Interventions | Complications | Length of stay | ICU | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adachi | 1 | MSSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia | Uncleara | Fever, diarrhea, dyspnea | Bilateral opacities on chest x-ray (CXR), ground glass opacities & lower lobe consolidation on chest computed tomography (CT) | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, lopinavir/ritonavir, morphine | ARDS | 16 | Yes | Death |
| Bagnato | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia | Unremarkable head CT, normal creatine kinase | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, intubation and ventilation, antifungals, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, neuromuscular blocking agents, olanzapine | Psychomotor agitation and temporospatial disorientation, myopathy | 140 | Yes | Discharge |
| Chandran | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture and tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) and bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Dyspnea (positive COVID test) | Bilateral interstitial infiltrates (CXR) and ground glass opacities (CT) | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation | Bilateral cavitating lung lesions, septic shock | 15 | Yes | Death |
| Chen | 1 | MSSA and MRSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia | Hospital-onset | Asymptomatic (positive COVID test) | Patchy consolidation and ground glass opacities in right upper lobe on CXR (day 29) | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, lopinavir/ritonavir, Abidol combined with IFN inhalant, Thymalfasin, ribavirin, loratadine | Pneumonia | 51 | No | Discharge |
| Choudhury | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, endocarditis and bacteremia | Unclearb | Altered mental status, low back pain, urinary incontinence, right foot ulcers | Cystitis and pyelonephritis on CT, epidural abscess (L4/5) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Antibiotics, oral rifampin, hydroxychloroquine | Endocarditis, aortic root abscess | NR (not reported) | NR | Hospice |
| Cusumano | 42 | MSSA (n = 23) and MRSA (n = 19) | Blood culture, bacteremia (n = 42), pneumonia (n = 8), vascular (n = 3), osteomyelitis (n = 1), skin (n = 1) | Hospital-onset (n = 28), community-onset (n = 14) | Not reported (NR) | Abnormal CXR (n = 36), vegetation on transthoracic echo (n = 1) | Antibiotics (n = 42), intubation and ventilation (n = 31), central venous catheter (n = 19) | NR | NR | NR | Death at 30 days (n = 28) |
| De Pascale | 40 | MSSA (n = 14), MRSA (n = 26) | Tracheal aspirate and blood culture, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) (n = 40) and bacteremia (n = 19) | Late hospital-onset (n = 35), early hospital-onset (n = 5) | NR | NR | Antibiotics (n = 40), intubation and ventilation (n = 40) | Septic shock (n = 22), acute kidney injury (n = 4) | 11 (mean) | Yes (n = 40) | Death (n = 26) |
| Duployez | 1 | MSSA (PVL-secreting) | Pleural drainage sample, pneumonia | Unclearc | Fever, cough, bloody sputum | Consolidation of left upper lobe, left pleural effusion, right ground glass opacities, bilateral cavitary lesions on CT | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), anticoagulation, upper left lobectomy | Necrotizing pneumonia, deterioration of respiratory, renal, and liver functions | 17 | Yes | Death |
| Edrada | 1 | MSSA | Nasal and throat swab with PCR | Community-onset/carrier | Dry cough, sore throat | Unremarkable chest CT | Oseltamivir | None | 19 | No | Discharge |
| ElSeirafi | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, dry cough, dyspnea | Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and ARDS on CXR | Antibiotics, IFN, ribavirin, plasma therapy, tocilizumab injections | Septic shock with multi-organ dysfunction | 16 | Yes | Death |
| Filocamo | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, dyspnea | Bilateral ground glass opacities on chest CT | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, anakinra | Progressive cholestatic liver injury | 29 | Yes | Discharge |
| Hamzavi | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Uncleard | Fever, cough, dyspnea, lethargy | Left pleural effusion on CXR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation | Multi-organ dysfunction | NR | Yes | Death |
| Hoshiyama | 1 | MSSA | Throat swab and sputum sample | Uncleare | Cough | Normal labs | NR | NR | NR | No | Discharge |
| “” | 1 | MSSA | Throat swab and sputum sample | Uncleare | Cough | Normal labs | NR | NR | NR | No | Discharge |
| Hussain | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Community-onset | Fever, cough, dyspnea, malaise | Bilateral reticular enhancement and heavily calcified aortic valve with mass effect on left atrial wall on chest CT | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, pantoprazole, amiodarone, heparin | Bleeding Dieulafoy’s lesion, fast atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury, multi-organ failure, intracerebral hematoma | 18 | Yes | Death |
| Levesque | 1 | MSSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) | Hospital-onset | Fever, dry cough, dyspnea | Small intraventricular hemorrhage on head CT (day 39) | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, propofol, fentanyl, neuromuscular blocking agents, heparin, continuous platelet infusion, blood transfusions, IVIG, endobronchial clot removals, romiplostim, vincristine | ARDS, ICU-acquired neuromyopathy, acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, intraventricular hemorrhage, ventilator-associated pneumonia | At least 39 | Yes | Hospital |
| Mirza | 1 | MRSA | Sputum sample | Carrier (chronic) | Chest pain, dyspnea | Bilateral upper lobe bronchial wall thickening and bronchiectasis with nodular and interstitial opacities on chest CT | Antibiotics, remdesivir | Meropenem-resistant pseudomonas | 6 | No | Discharge |
| Patek | 1 | MSSA | Wound culture, cellulitis | Community-onset | Fever, erythema and erosions of right thumb and fourth digit, somnolence, decreased feeding | Elevated LFTs, bilateral perihilar streaking on CXR, neutropenia | Antibiotics, acyclovir, nasal cannula O2 | Hypoxic respiratory failure | 7 | Yes | Discharge |
| Posteraro | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, cough, dyspnea | CXR and chest CT consistent with pneumonia | Antibiotics, antifungals, hydroxychloroquine, darunavir/ritonavir | Hypoxia, left leg re-amputation, septic shock | 53 | Yes | Death |
| Rajdev | 1 | MSSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) | Community- and hospital-onsetf | Dyspnea | Bilateral consolidations on CXR, bilateral ground glass opacities and pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema on chest CT | Intubation and ventilation, epoprostenol, hydromorphone, neuromuscular blocking agents, ECMO | Anemia, epistaxis, oropharyngeal bleeding, ARDS | 47 | Yes | Discharge |
| Rajdev | 1 | MSSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia | Hospital-onset | Fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgias | Diffuse bilateral pulmonary opacities on CXR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, remdesivir | Hypoxic respiratory failure, Guillan Barré syndrome | 23 | NR | Discharge |
| Ramos-Martinez | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia (central venous catheter-associated) | Hospital-onset | Fever, meningitis, right infrapopliteal deep vein thrombosis | Mild mitral insufficiency on transthoracic echo | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, central venous catheter, corticosteroids, tocilizumab | Native valve endocarditis, progressive sepsis | At least 20 | Yes | Death |
| Randall | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, cough, dyspnea | NR | Intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, central venous catheter | Respiratory distress | 3 | NR | Death |
| “” | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Hypoxia (positive COVID test) | NR | Corticosteroids, remdesivir, central venous catheter | Septic shock | 14 | NR | Death |
| “” | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Hypoxia (positive COVID test) | NR | Corticosteroids | Cardiac arrest | 10 | Yes | Death |
| Regazzoni | 1 | MSSA | Nasal swab and blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Bilateral pneumonia (positive COVID test) | Ischemic areas with hemorrhagic transformation on head CT and MRI, large vegetations on aortic valve with regurgitation on transesophageal echo | Antibiotics, corticosteroids | Severe systemic inflammatory response | At least 10 | NR | Hospital |
| Sharifipour | 1 | MSSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) | Hospital-onset | Cough, dyspnea, sore throat | NR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation | Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 13 | Yes | Discharge |
| “” | 1 | MRSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) | Hospital-onset | Cough, dyspnea, sore throat | NR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation | Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 9 | Yes | Death |
| Son | 4 | MRSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia (n = 4) | Hospital-onset (n = 4) | Pneumonia (positive COVID test) | NR | Antibiotics (n = 4), corticosteroids (n = 4) | NR | 42 (mean) | Yes | Death (n = 3) |
| Spannella | 1 | MSSA | Bronchoalveolar lavage, pneumonia | Community-onset | Fever, cough, emesis | Bilateral ground glass opacities and multiple areas of consolidation on CXR | Antibiotics, metoprolol, amiodarone, continuous positive-pressure airway | Atrial fibrillation, respiratory failure, altered mental status, tachycardia, severe hypoxemia | 27 | Yes | Death |
| Spoto | 1 | MSSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia | Unclearg | Fever, dyspnea, respiratory distress following chemoimmunotherapy | Bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidation in the middle/upper lobes on chest CT | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine | ARDS | 5 | NR | Death |
| Valga | 1 | MSSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia | Hospital-onset | Fever, dry cough | NR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, IFN beta, heparin | ARDS, multi-organ failure | 47 | Yes | Discharge |
aPositive sputum culture on day 10
bPatient recently treated for S. aureus prior to admission, but setting is unclear
cPleural fluid tested on day 4
dTimeline of blood culture unclear
eTimeline of sputum testing unclear
fPositive sputum on admission, subsequent ventilator-associated infection
gPatient was receiving routine treatments in a healthcare-setting