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. 2021 Apr 3;7(5):445–452. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab030

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Renal adaptive mechanisms to renal hypoperfusion in chronic heart failure. (A) Adaptive mechanisms in stable heart failure. (B) Effects of renin–angiotensin system inhibition on adaptive mechanisms to renal hypoperfusion. (C) Effects of combined neprilysin and renin–angiotensin system inhibition on adaptive mechanisms to renal hypoperfusion. GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NPs, natriuretic peptides; PA, arterial pressure; RPF, renal plasma flow; UAE, urinary albumin excretion. Modified from Di Tano et al.,¹⁸ 2018. Reproduced with permission from Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore.