Table 1. Populations, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, Timing, Settings, and Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

Category	Criteria
Population	Include hospitalized children and adults (including pregnant women) with ≥1 of the following risk factors for prolonged LOS, harms, or adverse outcomes: High levels of socioeconomic risk (eg, housing instability, social isolation, social vulnerability, social mobility, lack of social network, lack of social support, limited access to health care services or social services, rural settings) Medically uninsured, underinsured Hospitalization at safety-net, tertiary, or quaternary care institution Limited English proficiency Patients who are medically complex, including those with comorbid psychiatric or behavioral health conditions, comorbid substance use disorder, frailty, multimorbidity (≥2 chronic health conditions), and high-volume chronic disease conditions with significant risk of exacerbation or complications (including chronic kidney disease, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Exclude patients undergoing nonemergent or elective procedures
Interventions	Include interventions that are Initiated within the hospital Designed (at least in part) to evaluate LOS Examples include but are not limited to clinical pathways, enhanced recovery programs, discharge planning, case management, and multidisciplinary teams Exclude interventions that are Initiated, managed, or implemented by entities wholly external to the hospital setting Are not intended or expected to reduce LOS Examples include but are not limited to ambulatory clinic follow-up visits, community-based support resources, regulatory policies, and third-party reimbursement programs
Comparators	Include: Usual care, any comparison, or other active intervention
Outcomes	Include: Primary: LOS LOS index Secondary: Readmission Patient harms, such as mortality, hospital-acquired conditions Patient experience or satisfaction Patient functional return Clinician or staff satisfaction Resource use, including patient flow and discharge disposition Exclude Only describe cost-related outcomes without reporting LOS Cost-related outcomes that do not quantify valuations of both comparisons or alternative interventions (including usual or standard care) and both of their associated outcomes
Timing	Include: All
Setting	Include Acute care hospitalizations in general or pediatric hospitals Reviews of studies conducted in the United States Exclude Reviews focused solely on intensive care unit stays, emergency departments, or observation units Specialty hospitals (eg, psychiatric, ophthalmologic, orthopedic, cancer, rehabilitation, long-term acute care) Reviews of studies conducted solely outside the US

Abbreviation: LOS, length of stay.