Table 15.
Associations between DBP exposure (measured by MBP) and behavior.
| Reference; study confidence; N | Age at outcome measure | Median maternal exposures | Exposure IQR (or as specified) | Internalizing problems overall β (95% CI) | Externalizing problems overall β (95% CI) | Internalizing problems in boys β (95% CI) | Internalizing problems in girl β (95% CI) | Externalizing problems in boys β (95% CI) | Externalizing problems in girl β (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure measured during gestation | |||||||||
| Kobrosly et aL (2014); medium; 153 | 6‒10 yr | 14 ng/mL (GM) | 8‒29 | −0.1 (−0.3,0.2) | 0.1 (−0.2,0.3) | −0.01 (−0.3,0.3) | −0.2 (−0.50.1) | 0.2 (−0.1,0.5) | −0.02 (−0.3,0.3) |
| Gascon et al. (2015); high; 362 | 7 yr | 31 μg/g | 20‒49 | Emotional symptoms RR 0.9 (0.8,1.1) | Conduct problems RR 0.9 (0.8,1.0) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Whyatt et al. (2012); medium; 297 | 3 yr | 38.0 ng/mL (GM) | 0.2‒785 | 1.5 (0.4, 2.5)* | “No association” | 2.2 (0.7,3.8)* | 1.3 (−0.2,2.7) | NR | NR |
| Philippat et al. (2017); medium; 546 | 3 yr | 44 ng/mL | 33–57 (33rd-66th) | NR | NR | IRR 1.1 (1.0,1.1)* | NR | IRR 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | NR |
| 5 yr | 1.0 (1.0,1.1) | 1.0 (1.0,1.1) | |||||||
| Lien et al. (2015); medium; 122 | 8 yr | 109 μg/g (mean) | 2.2 (−1.2, 5.5) | 4.3 (0.6, 8)* | 0.1 (−5.1,5.3) | 3.0 (−1.8,7.8) | −2.5 (−9.5,4.5) | 7.6 (3.5,11.8)* | |
| Engel et al. (2010); medium; 188 | 4‒9 yr | 0.2 μM/L (from Engel et al., 2009) | 0.1‒0.3 | 0.7 | 1.4* | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Exposure measured preconception | |||||||||
| Messerlian et al. (2017); high; 166 | 2–9 yr | Preconception Maternal 12 ng/mL | 7–17 | −0.4 (−2.1,1.2) | 0.5 (−1.0,2.0) | 0.9 (−1.3, 3.1) | −0.8 (−2.4, 0.9) | 0.7 (−1.3,2.7) | 0.5 (−1.0,2.0) |
| Paternal 12 ng/mL | 8–19 | −0.9 (−2.9,1.1) | −1.2 (−2.5,0.1 | 2.1 (−1.3,5.4) | −4.5 (−8.0,−1.01* | −1.4 (−2.8,0.0)* | −1.0 (−2.6,0.6) | ||
| Attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), exposure measured during gestation | |||||||||
| Engel et al. (2018); medium; 802 | n/a | 17 ng/mL | 11–31 | OR 1.0 (0.8,1.4) | OR 1.0 (0.7,1.3) | OR 1.3 (0.8,2.2) | |||
One low confidence study (Kim et al., 2018) not shown in table because results were incompletely reported.
All studies used ln-transformed exposure and βs represent 1 ln-unit increase, except for Gascon et al. (2015), which used log2-transformation and β represent doubling of exposure and Philippat et al. (2017) which calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) for a 1 unit change in test scores for a doubling of exposure. Results that support an adverse association are shaded. This represents one or more of the following: p < 0.05, β ≥ 0.5, or exposure-response trend across categories of exposure. NR = not reported; GM = geometric mean.
p < 0.05.
Upon request, author provided re-calculated results with ln-transformed exposure and β representing a ln-unit increase, to improve comparability with other studies.