Table 8.
Associations between DEP exposure (measured by MEP) and cognition.
| Reference; study confidence; N | Age at outcome measure | Median exposuresa | Exposure IQR (or as specified) | Cognition overall effect estimate β (95% CI) | Cognition in boys β (95% CI) | Cognition in girls β (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Included in meta-analysis (age ≤4 yrs, cognition measured using Bayley, medium or high confidence) | ||||||
| Polanska et al. (2014); medium; 150 | 2 yr | 19 ng/mL | 336 (95th) | 0.3 (−1.3, 1.8) | NR | NR |
| Huang et al. (2015); medium; 251 | 2–3 yr | 67 μg/g (GM) | −0.3 (−2.4,1.8) | NR | NR | |
| Téllez-Rojo et al. (2013); medium; 135 | 2–3 yr | 138 ng/mL (GM) | 0.2 (−0.8, 1.2) | −0.6 (−2.3,1.0) | 1.1 (−0.1,2.2) | |
| Doherty et al. (2017); medium; 258 | 1–3 yr | 172 ng/mL | 3372 (95th) | 0.6 (−0.5,1.6) | 1.0 (−0.5,2.4) | −0.1 (−1.7,1.5) |
| Gascon et al. (2015); high; 367 | 1 yr | 403 μg/g | 199‒756 | −0.7 (−2.3,0.9)b | −0.7 (−2.9,1.4)b | −0.8 (−3.0,1.4)b |
| 4 yr | 1.0 (−0.4,2.4)b | 2.1 (−0.01,4.2)b | −0.2 (−2.2,1.8)b | |||
| Not included in meta-analysis | ||||||
| Huang et al. (2015); medium; 251 | 2, 5, 8, and 11 yr | 67 μg/g (GM) | 1.6 (−0.7, 3.9) | NR | NR | |
| Nakiwala et al. (2018); medium; 452 | 5 yr | 100 ng/mL | 22–591 (5th-95th) | −0.06 (−0.2,0.04) | NR | NR |
| Li et al. (2019); high; 253 | 5, 8 yr | 26 wk gest 114 ng/mL | 36–319 | 0.3 (−1.3,1.9) | NR | NR |
| 3 yr 40 ng/mL | 16–83 | −2.1 (−3.6,−0.6)* | NR | NR | ||
| Factor-Litvak et al. (2014); medium; 328 | 7 yr | 142 ng/mL | 70–334 | −0.2 (−1.5,1.1) | 0.4 (−1.5,2.3) | −0.8 (−2.5,1.0) |
Maternal exposure measured during gestation unless otherwise noted.
Upon request, author provided re-calculated results with ln-transformed exposure and β representing a ln-unit increase, to improve comparability with other studies.
One low confidence study (Kim et al., 2018) not shown in table because results were incompletely reported.
All studies used 1n-transformed exposure and βs represent 1 ln-unit increase, except for Gascon, which used log2-transformation and β represent doubling of exposure.
Results that support an adverse association are shaded. Thi represents one or more of the following: p < 0.05, β ≥ 0.5, or exposure-response trend across categories of exposure. NR = not reported. GM = geometric mean.
p < 0.05.