Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics
| Variable |
Total population (n = 1234) |
Group 1: GFR ≥ 90 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 (n = 230) |
Group 2: GFR 60–89 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 (n = 451) |
Group 3: GFR 30–59 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 (n = 439) |
Group 4: GFR < 30 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 (n = 114) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72 (63–78) | 65 (55–75) | 72 (63–79)* | 74 (67–80)* | 71 (64–78)* | <0.001 |
| Male sex (%) | 612 (49.6%) | 124 (53.9%) | 217 (48.1%) | 218 (49.7%) | 53 (46.5%) | 0.466 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.6 (±4.3) | 25.1 (±4.3) | 25.7 (±4.2) | 25.6 (±4.2) | 26.4 (±4.6) | 0.129 |
| Hypertension (%) | 929 (80.2%) | 147 (66.8%) | 336 (80.6%)* | 353 (84.7%)* | 93 (88.6%)* | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 550 (47.6%) | 88 (40.4%)a | 180 (43.3%) | 225 (54.0%)* , † | 57 (54.3%) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 238 (20.5%) | 32 (14.6%) | 55 (13.2%) | 100 (23.9%)*,† | 51 (48.1%)*,†,§ | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 498 (40.4%) | 62 (27.0%) | 154 (34.1%) | 215 (49.1%)* , † | 67 (58.8%)*,† | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 168 (14.4%) | 24 (10.9%) | 54 (12.8%) | 70 (16.7%) | 20 (18.7%) | 0.086 |
| Current or former smoker (%) | 365 (31.6%) | 73 (33.5%) | 138 (33.3%) | 127 (30.6% | 27 (25.5%) | 0.405 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 586 (49.5%) | 94 (42.0%) | 221 (51.5%) | 222 (52.4%) | 49 (45.4%) | 0.048 |
| NYHA class III‐IV (%) | 534 (47.3%) | 82 (40.6%) | 168 (40.7%) | 211 (51.8%)† | 73 (68.2%)*,†,§ | <0.001 |
| Peripheral oedema (%) | 284 (23.6%) | 36 (16.3%) | 86 (19.5%) | 120 (27.9%)*,† | 42 (37.2%)*,† | <0.001 |
| Diuretic use (%) | 714 (58.9%) | 87 (38.7%) | 220 (49.9%)* | 322 (74.2%)*,† | 85 (75.9%)*,† | <0.001 |
| Pacemaker/ICD (%) | 401 (33.0%) | 58 (25.7%) | 131 (29.2%) | 170 (39.4%)*,† | 42 (38.5%) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB use (%) | 702 (61.4%) | 109 (50.9%) | 251 (60.9%) | 287 (69.2%)* | 55 (53.9%)§ | <0.001 |
| Beta‐blocker use (%) | 685 (59.8%) | 120 (55.8%) | 244 (59.1%) | 255 (61.4%) | 66 (64.1%) | 0.430 |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist use (%) | 243 (21.3%) | 28 (13.1%) | 68 (16.6%) | 123 (29.6%)* , † | 24 (23.5%) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure classification | ||||||
| LVEF ≥ 50% | 461 (37.7%) | 106 (46.3%) | 101 (42.8%) | 123 (28.3%)* | 41 (36.3%) | <0.001 |
| LVEF = 41–49% | 259 (21.2%) | 61 (26.6%) | 92 (20.6%) | 88 (20.2%) | 18 (15.9%) | |
| LVEF ≤ 40% | 503 (41.1%) | 62 (27.1%) | 163 (36.5%) | 224 (51.5%)*,† | 54 (47.8%)* | |
Values are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR) or n (%).
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
*
P < 0.05 vs. Group I.
†
P < 0.05 vs. Group II.
§
P < 0.05 vs. Group III.