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(a) Dose-dependent effects of maleate and 2-bromosuccinate on S-succination, NRF2, and HIF1-a in HEK-293T cells. Treatment time = 15 h. Loss of GAPDH in 2-bromosuccinate samples indicates increasing cell death. (b) Assay for assessing cellular S-succination of ectopically expressed FLAG-KEAP1. (c) Cellular S-succination of ectopically expressed KEAP1 by electrophiles (treatment time = 15 h). Br-succinate = 2-bromosuccinate. DMF = dimethyl fumarate.
