Table 2.
Patients with and without persistent opioid use and with and without chronic opioid use
| Persistent Opioid Use |
Chronic Opioid Use |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient Characteristics | No N = 250 | Yes N = 112 | P Value | No N = 306 | Yes N = 56 | P Value | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 56.46 (14.4) | 58.68 (12.11) | 0.414 | 56.46 (14.4) | 58.68 (12.11) | 0.414 | |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 28.04 (6.46) | 28.31 (6.82) | 28.04 (6.46) | 28.31 (6.82) | |||
| Gender, No. (%) | Female | 108 (43.2) | 43 (38.39) | 0.458 | 133 (43.46) | 18 (32.14) | 0.152 |
| Male | 142 (56.8) | 69 (61.61) | 173 (56.54) | 38 (67.86) | |||
| Tobacco use, No. (%) | No | 142 (56.8) | 50 (44.64) | 0.043 | 169 (55.23) | 23 (41.07) | 0.071 |
| Yes | 108 (43.2) | 62 (55.36) | 137 (44.77) | 33 (58.93) | |||
| Alcohol use, No. (%) | No | 191 (76.4) | 87 (77.68) | 0.895 | 234 (76.47) | 44 (78.57) | 0.865 |
| Yes | 59 (23.6) | 25 (22.32) | 72 (23.53) | 12 (21.43) | |||
| ORT, No. (%) | 0.256 | 0.386 | |||||
| Low | Risk | 223 (85.7) | 98 (90.8) | 279 (90.33) | 53 (9.34) | ||
| Moderate/high | Risk | 32 (14.3) | 9 (9.2) | 27 (9.67) | 3 (5.66) | ||
| History of tongue pain, No. (%) | No | 132 (52.8) | 35 (31.25) | <0.001 | 152 (49.67) | 15 (26.79) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 118 (47.2) | 77 (68.75) | 154 (50.33) | 41 (73.21) | |||
| Preoperative pain intensity, No. (%) | 0 | 171 (68.4) | 65 (58.04) | 0.096 | 207 (67.65) | 29 (51.79) | 0.01 |
| 1–5 | 37 (14.8) | 23 (20.54) | 45 (14.71) | 15 (26.79) | |||
| 6–10 | 16 (6.4) | 12 (10.71) | 20 (6.54) | 8 (14.29) | |||
| NA | 26 (10.4) | 12 (10.71) | 34 (11.11) | 4 (7.14) | |||
| Preoperative VRS, mean (SD) | 1.03 (2.15) | 1.68 (2.65) | 0.023 | 1.06 (2.24) | 2.1 (2.64) | 0.001 | |
| Preoperative opioid use, No. (%) | No | 169 (67.6) | 43 (38.39) | <0.001 | 194 (63.4) | 18 (32.14) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 81 (32.4) | 69 (61.61) | 112 (36.6) | 38 (67.86) | |||
| Preoperative MEDD, No. (%) | 18.51 (50.46) | 50.14 (108.86) | <0.001 | 21.51 (52.07) | 65.38 (141.99) | <0.001 | |
| Neoadjuvant therapy, No. (%) | No | 217 (86.8) | 93 (83.04) | 0.434 | 263 (85.95) | 47 (83.93) | 0.85 |
| Yes | 33 (13.2) | 19 (16.96) | 43 (14.05) | 9 (16.07) | |||
| Adjuvant therapy, No. (%) | No | 152 (60.8) | 45 (40.18) | <0.001 | 176 (57.52) | 21 (37.5) | 0.009 |
| Yes | 98 (39.2) | 67 (59.82) | 130 (42.48) | 35 (62.5) | |||
| Neck dissection, No. (%) | No | 47 (18.8) | 11 (9.82) | 0.046 | 53 (17.32) | 5 (8.93) | 0.169 |
| Yes | 203 (81.2) | 101 (90.18) | 253 (82.68) | 51 (91.07) | |||
| Reconstructive surgery, No. (%) | No | 144 (57.6) | 62 (55.36) | 0.777 | 175 (57.19) | 31 (55.36) | 0.914 |
| Yes | 106 (42.4) | 50 (44.64) | 131 (42.81) | 25 (44.64) | |||
| pT staging, No. (%) | 1 + 2 | 196 (78.4) | 84 (75) | 0.563 | 236 (77.12) | 44 (78.57) | 0.949 |
| 3 + 4 | 54 (21.6) | 28 (25) | 70 (22.88) | 12 (21.43) | |||
| pN staging, No. (%) | 0 | 163 (65.2) | 70 (62.5) | 0.635 | 197 (64.38) | 36 (64.29) | 0.915 |
| 1 + 2 | 62 (24.8) | 27 (24.11) | 76 (24.84) | 13 (23.21) | |||
| 3 + 4 | 25 (10) | 15 (13.39) | 33 (10.78) | 7 (12.5) | |||
| PNI, No. (%) | No | 179 (71.6) | 74 (66.07) | 0.349 | 218 (71.24) | 35 (62.5) | 0.249 |
| Yes | 71 (28.4) | 38 (33.93) | 88 (28.76) | 21 (37.5) | |||
| ECS, No. (%) | No | 201 (80.4) | 86 (76.79) | 0.43 | 243 (79.41) | 44 (78.57) | 0.958 |
| Yes | 47 (18.8) | 26 (23.21) | 61 (19.93) | 12 (21.43) | |||
| NA | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.65) | 0 (0 | |||
| Recurrence, No. (%) | No | 193 (77.2) | 70 (62.5) | 0.006 | 225 (73.5) | 35 (62.5) | 0.127 |
| Yes | 57 (22.8) | 42 (37.5) | 81 (26.5) | 21 (37.5) | |||
| Surgery year, No. (%) | ≤2015 | 162 (64.8) | 76 (67.86) | 0.655 | 203 (66.34) | 35 (62.5) | 0.687 |
| >2015 | 88 (35.2) | 36 (32.14) | 103 (33.66) | 21 (37.5) | |||
BMI = body mass index; ECS = extracapsular spread; MEDD = morphine equivalent daily dose; ORT = Opioid Risk Tool; PNI = perineural invasion; VRS = verbal rating scale.