Fig. 1.

(Panel A) The evolutionary relationships among North American Limenitis species (Mullen 2006) and known examples of mimetic convergence. (Panel B) Parapatric distributions of Limenitis species and subspecies showing known areas of hybridization (diagonal lines). (Panels C–E) Competing hypotheses for the evolutionary origins of mimicry assuming it: (C) evolved once in the common ancestor of the two mimetic subspecies (Limenitis arthemis astyanax + Limenitis arthemis arizonensis), (D) evolved once and was lost due to an evolutionary reversal in nonmimetic, white-banded populations of Limenitis arthemis arthemis, or (E) evolved twice independently.