Table 3.
Detailed Description of Traditional Medicines Claimed by the Community for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19
| No. | Local/Vernacular (English Name) | Family | Part of Plant Used | Dosage Form Used | Route of Administration | Method of Preparation | Duration of Treatment | Frequency of Use/Day | RFC | Source of Plant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Loomii (lemon) | Rutaceae | Juice | Liquid | Oral | The juice is mixed with cold water and drink as it is OR The juice is boiled with tea and drink it OR the drink the juice as it is | 1–14 days, 2–5 days, 2 days | Once | 0.133 | Local market |
| 2 | Jinjibla (Ginger) | Zingiberaceae | Root | Liquid | Oral | Boiled with tea and drink it before it cools OR The root part is grinded and uniformly mixed with milk and drink as it is | 7–30 days | Once | 0.133 | Home garden/market |
| 3 | Feexoo fi qullubbii adii (garlic and garden cress) | Brassicaceae, Alliaceae respectively | Seed and root, respectively | Semi-solid | Oral | The seed and root is grinded and mixed until uniformly distributed and eat as it is | 15-days | Twice | 0.007 | Home garden/ market |
| 4 | Abasuuda gurraacha (black cumin) | Ranunculaceae | Seed | Solid | Oral | The seed is grinded and eaten with food | 1-month | Once | 0.033 | Local market |
| 5 | Qullubbii adii, Feexoo fi Loomii (garlic, garden cress and lemon) | Alliaceae, Brassicaceae, Rutaceae, respectively | Root, seed and seed respectively | Liquid | Oral | The three components are grinded and mixed uniformly and eat it | 1-month | Once at night | 0.002 | Local market |
| 6 | Qullubbii adii (garlic) | Alliaceae | Root | Solid | Oral | Grinded and eaten with food OR Boiled with tea and drink it before it cools OR Eaten as it is after removing the outer part | 1 month, 3-days, respectively | Once at night | 0.168 | Local market |
| 7 | Qullubbii adii, feexoo, and qariya* (garlic, garden cress and jalapeno) | Alliaceae, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, respectively | Bulb, seed | Semi-solid | Oral | All of the components were grinded and uniformly mixed in butter and eaten as it is | 60-days | Once | 0.002 | Home garden/market |
| 8 | Sanafic* (Black Mustard) | Brassica nigra, Brassicaceae | Seed | Semisolid | Oral | Powdered and eaten with food | 1-month | Twice | 0.059 | Local market |
| 9 | Feexoo (garden cress) | Brassicaceae | Seed | Solid | Oral | Grinded and eaten as it is OR eaten with food | 2–5 days | Once | 0.069 | Local market |
| 10 | Damakase* (Lamiaceae) | Labiatae | Leaves | Liquid | inhalation/Oral | The fresh leaves are squeezed and the juice is sniffed OR The fresh leaves are squeezed and they drink the juice | 2 days, 3–5 days | Once | 0.031 | Home garden |
| 11 | Bakkanniisa (no common English name) | Euphorbionce | Leaves | Liquid | Oral | The fresh leaves are squeezed and they drink the juice OR The leaves becomes hot by fire and the hot leaves was applied on forehead | 3–5 days, 1 days | Once | 0.012 | Home garden |
| 12 | Toogoo (no common English name) | Acanthaceae | Leaves | Liquid | Oral | The fresh leaves are squeezed and they drink the juice | 3-days | Twice | 0.033 | Forest |
| 13 | Barbare* (Ethiopian nigella seed) | Solanaceae | Seed | Solid | Oral | The seeds are grinded and eaten with food | 3-days | Three times | 0.019 | Home garden |
| 14 | Jinjibila fi qullubbii adii (ginger and garlic) | Zingiberaceae, Alliaceae respectively | Root | Liquid | Oral | Not reported | 7-days | Once | 0.002 | Home garden/market |
| 15 | Feexoo, sanafic,* qullubbii adii fi qariya* (garden cress, mustard, garlic and jalapeno) | Brassicaceae, Brassicaceae, Alliaceae, Solanaceae, respectively | Leaves | Solid | Oral | The fresh leaves are grinded and uniformly mixed together, and they eat with food and/alone | 4-days | Once | 0.002 | Home garden/market |
| 16 | Qariya* (jalapeno) | Solanaceae | Seed | As it is | Oral | Eaten with food as it is | 2–5 days | Twice | 0.021 | Home garden/market |
| 17 | Baargamoo adii fi bakkanniisa | Myrtaceae, Euphorbionce respectively | Leaves for both | Aerosol | Inhalation | The fresh leaves of the plants are boiled in water and the aerosol produced will be inhaled | 2–3 days | Once | 0.002 | Forest |
| 18 | Xosign* | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 0.002 | Market | |
| 19 | Damma daamuu (Honey) | N/A | Fresh honey | Semisolid | Oral | Drink as it is | 2–5 days | Once | 0.017 | Home garden/market |
| 20 | Baargamoo Adii | Myrtaceae | Leaves | Aerosol | Inhalation | The fresh leaves are cleaned and boiled with water and inhale it OR the fresh leaves are squeezed and inhaled as it is | 2–5 days | Twice | 0.033 | Market |
| 21 | Dhuummuugaa | Acanthaceae | Leaves | Liquid | Oral | The fresh leaves is dissolved in clean water and drink it | 2–3 days | Once | 0.005 | Forest |
| 22 | Qomonyoo | Simarobouceae | Leaves | Aerosol | Topical | “Ulachuu”@ | 2 days | Once | 0.012 | Forest |
| 23 | Amaamoo | - | Leaves | Liquid | Oral | The fresh leaves is grinded and dissolved in clean water and drink it | 2 days | Once | 0.007 | Forest |
| 24 | Tunjoo | - | Leaves | Liquid | Oral | The fresh leaves is grinded and dissolved in clean water and drink it | 3 days | Once | 0.002 | Forest |
| 25 | Araqee* (local alcohol) | N/A | Juice | Liquid | Oral | Drinking the alcohol | 1 days | Three times | 0.019 | Homemade/market |
| 26 | Muuqii/garbuu | - | Seed | Liquid | Oral | The seed is powdered and boiled with clean water and drink it | 1 day | Twice | 0.002 | Home garden/market |
| 27 | Qurunfud* (cloves) | Myrtaceae | Seed | Liquid | Oral | The seed is boiled with coffee and drink it | 1 day | Three times | 0.002 | Local market |
| 28 | Qarafa* (cinnamon) | Capsicum pepper | Leaves | Liquid | Oral | The fresh leaves is boiled with coffee and drink it | ≥ 3 days | Three times | 0.002 | Local market |
| 29 | Jimaa (khat) | Catha edulis, celastracea | Leaves | N/A | Oral | The fresh leaves is Chewed and swallow it | Daily | Once | 0.002 | Home garden/farmland |
| 30 | Siinfaa | - | Seed | Semisolid | Oral | The seed is grinded and uniformly mixed with honey and drink it | 2 weeks | Twice | 0.002 | Home garden/farmland |
| 31 | Qullubbii adii fi siinfaa | Alliaceae | Root and seed respectively | Semisolid | Oral | The root and seed part of the plant was grinded. The grinded part will be uniformly mixed with honey and drink it | 2 weeks | Once | 0.007 | Home garden |
| 32 | Abasuuda gurraacha fi qullubbii adii (black cumin and garlic) | Ranunculaceae, Alliaceae respectively | Seed, root | Semisolid | Oral | The seed and root is grinded and uniformly mixed with honey and drink it | 2 weeks | Twice | 0.002 | Home garden/farmland |
Notes: Unless otherwise indicated all of vernacular names are in Afaan Oromoo. *Amharic name. @Ulachuu is an Afaan Oromoo language, which follows the principle of mist therapy, that the patients or clients use parts of the plants after aerosolization.
Abbreviations: RFC, Relative Frequency of Citation; N/A, not applicable.