Figure 17:

Simulation 4b: Punishment omission signals and avoidance learning. (a) Data adapted from Matsumoto et al. (2016), Figure 3e, with permission from eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd: eLife, copyright 2016, showing a modest positive dopamine signal at the time of expected-but-omitted aversive US; (b) Simulation results showing a test trial immediately following aversive conditioning showing a positive dopamine signal at the time of omitted aversive US; (c) Simulation results showing test trials following safety signal training (i.e., aversive conditioned inhibition); note that a positive dopamine signal in response to the safety signal CS has been acquired (U–).