Fig. 1.

The distribution of urinary biomarkers after normalizing by urine creatinine (UCr) concentration between people living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV‐negative controls before propensity score matching. (a) N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG):UCr; (b) N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NGAL):UCr; (c) alpha 1‐microglobulin (α1‐M):UCr; (d) kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1):UCr; (e) Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP):UCr; (f) epidermal growth factor (EGF):UCr. (ns, not significant; *0.01 < P ≤ 0.05; **0.001 < P ≤ 0.01; *** P < 0.001)