Table 1.
Immune cells in developing and diseased heart valves
| Cell type | Markers | Immunological role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Valve development 14 | |||
| Macrophages | CD68+, Csf1r+, F4/80+ | ||
| Endocardially derived macrophages | Nfatc1-lineage+, CD68+, Csf1r+, CD206+ | Phagocytic and antigen presenting roles | Expression from E10.5 |
| Nfatc1-lineage+, F4/80+ | Expression after E13.5 | ||
| Ly6C low CD206+ | Phagocytic and pro-tissue reparatory | ||
| Non-endocardial-derived macrophages | Ly6C high CD206- | Pro-inflammatory | 8.6–11.2% of non-endocardially derived |
| Postnatal valve remodeling 10,11,14,43 | |||
| Leucocytes | CD45+ | Increased from P1 to P60 | |
| 1. Myeloid cells | |||
| Macrophages | F4/80+, CD11b+, CD64+, CD68+ | ||
| CD206+ macrophages | Ly6C low CD206+ | Phagocytic and pro-tissue reparatory | Increased after birth, predominant population at P7 |
| MHCII+ macrophages | Ly6C low MHCII low | Phagocytic | P1 to P28 |
| Ly6C low MHCII high | Antigen presenting | Increased with age | |
| Recruited macrophages | F4/80+ CCR2+ | Immune and defense response | Increased between P7 and P30 |
| Ly6C high CD206- | Decreased after birth | ||
| Dendritic cells | Klrb1, Xcr1 | Antigen processing and presenting | |
| Myeloid dendritic cells | CD11b+ CD11c+ F4/80- | Antigen presenting | |
| Non-myeloid dendritic cells | CD11b- CD11c+ | ||
| Mast cells | Kit, Cpa3, Tpsab1 | Regulation of macrophage activation | Decreased from P7 to P30 |
| 2. Lymphocytes | |||
| T cells | CD24a, Trbc1, CD3d, CD8a | Immune response | Decreased from P7 to P30 |
| Naïve T cells | Satb1, Phf3, Dntt | P7 | |
| Effector memory T cells | S100a10, Ppp43ca, Tnfrsf18 | Immune response to pathogens | P30 |
| MVD 13,44,76,78 | |||
| Leucocytes | CD45+ | Increased in MV of Axin2 KO, MFS, Filamin A KO mice and MI induced sheep models | |
| 1. Myeloid cells | |||
| Macrophages | F4/80+, CD11b+ | ||
| CD163+, CD68+, CD64+ | Increased in MFS pigs and human | ||
| Resident macrophages | CD206+ CCR2- | Increased in MV of MFS | |
| CD163+ CD14−; CD68+ CD14− | No change in MFS pigs and human | ||
| Recruited macrophages | MHCII+ CCR2+ | Pro-inflammatory | Increased in MV of MFS |
| CD163+ CD14+; CD68+ CD14+ | Pro-inflammatory | Increased in MFS pigs and human | |
| Neutrophils | Ly6G+ | Not detected in MV of MFS | |
| 2. Lymphocytes | |||
| T cells | CD3+ | Not detected in MV of MFS | |