TABLE 1.
Studies included in the meta‐analysis
| First Author | Publication Year | Diagnostic Criteria | Core Dx | Ascertainment | Assessment | Mean Age (y) | Total Number of PMVT Cases | Total Number of TS Cases | Na | Number (%) of Males in Total Sample | Types of Comorbidities Reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAAICG | This study | DSM‐5 | TS/PMVT | Clinical | Structured interview and best estimate | 21.3 | 298 (12.3%) | 2129 (87.7%) | 2427 | 1706 (72.3%) | ADHD, OCD, DB, mood, others |
| OCGASb | This study | DSM‐5 | OCD | Clinical | Structured interview and best estimate | 27.3 | 87 (50.9%) | 84 (49.1%) | 171 | 89 (52.0%) | ADHD, OCD, DB, mood, others |
| Müller‐Vahl et alc 14 | 2019 | DSM‐IV | TS/PMVT | Clinical | Semistructured interview | 21.0 | 40 (3.9%) | 978 (96.1%) | 1018 | 771 (77.6%) | ADHD, OCD, mood, and DB |
| Diniz et alb 13 | 2006 | DSM‐IV | OCD | Clinical | Structured interview and best estimate | 30.0 | 31 (50.8%) | 30 (49.2%) | 61 | N/A | OCD and mood |
| Khalifa et al25 | 2006 | DSM‐IV | TS/PMVT (split in MT/VT) | Community | Parent‐completed questionnaire | 10.3 | 58 (69.9%) | 25 (30.1%) | 83 | N/A | ADHD, OCD, mood, DB |
| Amiri et al26 | 2012 | DSM‐IV‐TR | TS/PMVT (split in MT/VT) | Community | Structured interview | 9.5 | 161 (88%) | 22 (12%) | 183 | N/A | ADHD |
| Kraft et alc 27 | 2012 | DSM‐IV‐TR | TS/PMVT (MT only) | Community | Tics screening and structured interview | 10.0 | 37 (52.9%) | 33 (47.1%) | 70 | 53 (75.7%) | ADHD, DB |
| Scharf et al28 | 2012 | DSM‐IV‐TR | TS/PMVT (split in MT/VT) | Community | Parent‐completed questionnaire | 13.0 | 61 (45.5%) | 73 (54.5%) | 134 | 127 (70.6%) | ADHD, OCD |
| Spencer et al2 | 1995 | DSM‐III‐R | TS/PMVT | Clinical | Structured interview | 11.4 | 39 (54.9%) | 32 (45.0%) | 71 | 64 (90.1%) | ADHD, OCD, DB, mood, others |
| Olfson et al17 | 2011 | ICD‐9 | TS/PMVT | Clinical | ICD codes in EHR | Children (4–18 y) | 2432 (15.3%) | 13,491 (84.7%) | 15,923 | 12,984 (81.5%) | ADHD, OCD, DB, mood, others |
Dx, diagnosis; PMVT, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder; TS, Tourette syndrome; TAAICG, Tourette Association of America International Consortium for Genetics; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome; OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder; DB, disruptive behavior disorder; OCGAS, OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Study; MT, motor tics; VT, vocal tics; ICD‐9, International Diagnostic Classification, Ninth Revision; EHR, Electronic Health Record; N/A, not available.
Total number (N) does not include individuals without tics or individuals with transient tics.
All participants had OCD.
Did not find any case of VT or did not target individuals with VT.