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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Evolution. 2021 Jun 6;75(9):2251–2268. doi: 10.1111/evo.14272

Figure 1. Geographical distribution, population structure and phylogeny of the focal populations in relation to the Heliconius erato radiation.

Figure 1.

(A) Maximum likelihood tree built using FastTree and using only autosomal sites from 121 whole genome resequenced individuals (see Figure S1 for the uncollapsed tree). Nodes in the tree that represent the major clades within H. erato (east and west of Andes) obtained high support (= 1) from the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test. (B) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the focal samples (colored points) among all the available whole genome data for the H. erato radiation (black points). (C) We sampled H. himera, H. e. cyrbia, H. e. emma and H. e. favorinus from two separate geographic areas each, indicated as North, South, East or West. The distribution of H. himera (red) covers dry valleys in the Andes of South Ecuador and North Peru. In the North, H. himera (N) comes into contact with a western H. e. cyrbia (S) population. In the South, H. himera comes into contact with an eastern H. e. emma (W) and H. e. favorinus (W) population. These contact zones are indicated with parenthesis.