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. 2013 Dec 28;2013(12):CD006577. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006577.pub3

Comparison 1. Music versus standard care.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1.1 Psychological distress 5 228 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.26 [‐2.30, ‐0.22]
1.2 Anxiety (all measures) ‐ patient type 10 353 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.70 [‐1.17, ‐0.22]
1.2.1 anxiety (all measures) (MI) 4 143 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.94 [‐1.95, 0.06]
1.2.2 anxiety (all measures)(surgical/procedural) 4 171 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.63 [‐1.25, ‐0.01]
1.2.3 anxiety (all measures)(rehabilitation) 2 39 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.38 [‐1.60, 0.83]
1.3 Anxiety (all measures) ‐ music preference 9 323 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.79 [‐1.29, ‐0.29]
1.3.1 Anxiety (all measures) ‐ partcipant‐selected 4 144 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.89 [‐1.42, ‐0.36]
1.3.2 Anxiety (all measures) ‐ researcher‐selected 5 179 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.74 [‐1.55, 0.08]
1.4 State anxiety (STAI) ‐ patient type 7 310 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.58 [‐7.78, ‐1.39]
1.4.1 State anxiety (STAI) ‐ MI 6 243 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.87 [‐7.99, ‐3.75]
1.4.2 State anxiety (STAI) ‐ surgical/procedural 1 67 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.40 [‐1.33, 2.13]
1.5 State Anxiety (STAI) ‐ music preference 7 310 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.58 [‐7.78, ‐1.39]
1.5.1 State Anxiety (STAI) ‐ participant‐preferred 3 167 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.71 [‐10.76, 1.33]
1.5.2 State Anxiety (STAI) ‐ researcher‐selected 4 143 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.68 [‐8.27, ‐1.10]
1.6 State Anxiety (STAI) ‐ music preference MI only 6 243 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.87 [‐7.99, ‐3.75]
1.6.1 State Anxiety (STAI) ‐ participant‐preferred 2 100 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐7.36 [‐9.45, ‐5.27]
1.6.2 State Anxiety (STAI) ‐ researcher‐selected 4 143 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.68 [‐8.27, ‐1.10]
1.7 Anxiety (non‐STAI)‐patient type 7 248 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.43 [‐0.93, 0.06]
1.7.1 Anxiety (surgical/procedural) 4 171 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.63 [‐1.25, ‐0.01]
1.7.2 Anxiety (MI and rehabilitation) 3 77 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.03 [‐0.61, 0.56]
1.8 Anxiety (non‐STAI) ‐ music preference 7 248 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.43 [‐0.93, 0.06]
1.8.1 Anxiety (non‐STAI) ‐ participant‐preferred 4 144 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.89 [‐1.42, ‐0.36]
1.8.2 Anxiety (non‐STAI) ‐ researcher‐selected 3 104 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.11 [‐0.28, 0.49]
1.9 Depression 6 217 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.11 [‐0.38, 0.16]
1.10 Mood 2 97 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.08 [‐0.02, 2.17]
1.11 Heart rate‐patient type 13 828 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.40 [‐6.12, ‐0.69]
1.11.1 heart rate (surg ical/procedural) 7 604 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.61 [‐5.62, 0.39]
1.11.2 Heart rate (MI) 5 194 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.75 [‐9.26, ‐0.25]
1.11.3 Heart rate (rehab) 1 30 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 4.50 [‐9.68, 18.68]
1.12 Heart rate ‐ music preference 13 828 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.62 [‐6.28, ‐0.95]
1.12.1 Heart rate ‐ participant‐selected music 7 430 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.69 [‐9.40, 0.02]
1.12.2 Heart rate ‐ researcher‐selected music 6 398 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.67 [‐4.27, ‐1.07]
1.13 Heart rate variability 2 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.07 [‐0.34, 0.48]
1.14 Respiratory rate ‐ music preference 7 442 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.50 [‐3.61, ‐1.39]
1.14.1 Respiratory Rate ‐ participant‐selected 3 186 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.42 [‐7.37, ‐1.46]
1.14.2 Respiratory Rate ‐ researcher‐selected 4 256 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.66 [‐2.20, ‐1.12]
1.15 Systolic blood pressure 11 775 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐5.52 [‐7.43, ‐3.60]
1.16 Diastolic blood pressure 9 685 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.12 [‐2.57, 0.34]
1.17 Mean A rterial Pressure 3 158 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.91 [‐4.08, 2.26]
1.18 Oxygen Saturation 3 184 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.02 [‐1.65, 1.61]
1.19 Pain 8 630 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.43 [‐0.80, ‐0.05]
1.19.1 One music session 5 420 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.55 [‐1.16, 0.07]
1.19.2 Two or more music sessions 3 210 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.27 [‐0.55, ‐0.00]
1.20 Length of hospital stay 2 82 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.06 [‐1.03, 0.92]
1.21 Opioid intake 2 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.25 [‐0.67, 0.16]
1.22 Quality of sleep 2 122 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.03, 1.79]