TABLE 5.
aPR for anemia in nonpregnant WRA with zinc deficiency or deficient iron stores, BRINDA project1
| Country | n | Zinc deficiency, aPR (95% CI) | P value | Deficient iron stores, aPR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 953 | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | 0.39 | 1.71 (1.37, 2.13) | <0.001 |
| Bangladesh | 707 | 1.66 (1.16, 2.36) | 0.006 | 2.45 (1.46, 4.14) | 0.001 |
| Burkina Faso | 125 | 1.63 (0.93, 2.84) | 0.16 | 1.57 (0.91, 2.70) | 0.18 |
| Cambodia | 427 | 0.82 (0.63, 1.05) | 0.12 | 2.01 (1.63, 2.47) | <0.001 |
| Cameroon | 736 | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64) | 0.41 | 2.46 (2.08, 2.92) | <0.001 |
| Ecuador | 7266 | 1.58 (1.38, 1.80) | <0.001 | 5.40 (4.33, 6.74) | <0.001 |
| India | 321 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.44 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 0.53 |
| Malawi | 751 | 1.54 (1.05, 2.26) | 0.029 | 3.21 (2.33, 4.42) | <0.001 |
| Mexico | 1674 | 0.93 (0.62, 1.40) | 0.72 | 3.78 (2.11, 6.78) | <0.001 |
| Pakistan | 6989 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.77 | 1.58 (1.49, 1.67) | <0.001 |
| United Kingdom | 836 | 1.67 (0.88, 3.17) | 0.12 | 2.46 (1.46, 4.15) | <0.001 |
| Vietnam | 1478 | 1.43 (1.03, 1.98) | 0.034 | 4.74 (3.62, 6.20) | <0.001 |
All models were controlled for age and country. Zinc deficiency was defined according to International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group recommendations: for women 3 cutoffs (<70 μg/dL, <66 μg/dL, and <59 μg/dL) were used depending on whether the blood sample was drawn 1) in the morning when women were known to be in an over-night fasting state, 2) in the morning, with no information on the fasting state or stated to be nonfasting, and 3) in the afternoon when a nonfasting state was presumed, respectively. Deficient iron stores were defined as inflammation-adjusted ferritin concentrations <15 μg/L using BRINDA methodology [Namaste et al. (13)]. aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; WRA, women of reproductive age.