Table 2.

Associations between greenery experienced indoors and outdoors and putative mediators and mental health.

Greenery/mediators	Depressive symptomsa		Anxiety symptomsa		Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10)		Anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 10)
	B (95% CI)	p-value	B (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Houseplants	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.03, 0.00)	0.054	0.97 (0.94, 0.99)	0.037	1.00 (0.96, 1.03)	0.852
Green view	−0.06 (−0.11, −0.02)	0.002	−0.05 (−0.10, −0.003)	0.038	0.88 (0.80, 0.98)	0.014	0.83 (0.74, 0.92)	0.001
Garden	−0.27 (−0.61, 0.08)	0.132	−0.47 (−0.89, −0.06)	0.025	0.44 (0.17,1.13)	0.088	0.51 (0.18, 1.46)	0.208
Neighborhood greenery	−0.10 (−0.14, −0.05)	<0.001	−0.11 (−0.16, −0.05)	<0.001	0.79 (0.70, 0.89)	<0.001	0.80 (0.70, 0.91)	0.001
Engagement	−0.07 (−0.10, −0.04)	<0.001	−0.07 (−0.11, −0.04)	<0.001	0.82 (0.76, 0.89)	<0.001	0.87 (0.79, 0.95)	0.002
Being away (home)	−0.09 (−0.12, −0.06)	<0.001	−0.10 (−0.14, −0.06)	<0.001	0.85 (0.79, 0.93)	<0.001	0.83 (0.76, 0.91)	<0.001
Being away (neigh.)	−0.09 (−0.12, −0.06)	<0.001	−0.09 (−0.13, −0.05)	<0.001	0.83 (0.77, 0.91)	<0.001	0.85 (0.77, 0.93)	<0.001
Fascination (neigh.)	−0.08 (−0.12, −0.05)	<0.001	−0.08 (−0.13, −0.04)	<0.001	0.80 (0.72, 0.88)	<0.001	0.84 (0.75, 0.93)	0.001
Social support	−0.08 (−0.11, −0.05)	<0.001	−0.11 (−0.14, −0.07)	<0.001	0.85 (0.79, 0.92)	<0.001	0.83 (0.76, 0.89)	<0.001

Note: GAD-7 = General Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Separate models are fitted for each of the greenery metrics/mediators. Models are adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, income, dwelling type, settlement type, university, and connectedness to nature. Coefficients are unstandardized linear regression coefficients (B) or odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and significance (p-values) reported and shown in bold text.

^aVariable is square root-transformed.