Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Insulin treatment method | Blood glucose monitoring | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin injections(n=39) | Insulin pump (n=22) | p-value | CGM (n=14) | Blood glucose meters (n=47) | p-value | |
| Sex (% boys) | 48 | 68 a | <0.01 | 42 a c | 57 | <0.01 |
| Age (years) | 11.9 ± 1.8 | 12.4 ± 2.2 | 0.31 | 13.8 ± 3.1 | 14.6 ± 1.2 | 0.54 |
| Weight (kg) | 48.6 ± 4.6 | 52.1 ± 1.8 a | <0.01 | 55.1 ± 3.3 a | 58.6 ± 4.8 | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 151 ± 9.1 | 158 ± 6.1 | 0.39 | 162 ± 4 | 168 ± 9 | 0.48 |
| BMI (percentile) | 88 ± 04 | 85 ± 0.7 | 0.12 | 75 ± 08 a | 64 ± 04 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.7 ± 3.1 | 6.8 ± 1.4 a | <0.01 | 7.3 ± 2.2 | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 0.29 |
| Glucose checks/day | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 4.6 ± 2.1 a | <0.01 | 2.6 ± 1.1 a b c | 7.1 ± 4.1 | <0.01 |
| Number of episodes of hypoglycemia in past 12 months | 20.2 ± 6.4 | 15.8 ± 4.1 a | <0.01 | 18.7 ± 2.7 | 19.1 ± 4.6 | 0.73 |
| Self-reported frequency of hypoglycemia (%) in past 12 months | ||||||
| Never | 11 | 9 | 0.49 | 39 a b c | 11 | <0.01 |
| Less than once/year | 3 | 6 a | <0.05 | 9 | 10 | 0.33 |
| 1-3 times/year | 22 | 16 a | <0.05 | 8 | 19 | 0.48 |
| 4-12 times/year | 21 | 11 a | <0.01 | 3 a b c | 16 | <0.01 |
| More than once/month | 38 | 24 a | <0.01 | 4 a b c | 18 b c | <0.01 |
| More than once/week | 25 | 14 a | <0.01 | 37 a b c | 26 c | <0.01 |
| Sometimes experience PA hypoglycemia (%) | 78.9 | 80.5 | 0.51 | 41.2 a b c | 81.5 | <0.01 |
| Sometimes experience PA hyperglycemia (%) | 31.6 | 56.4 a | <0.01 | 47.6 a b c | 58.8 b | <0.01 |
| Hypoglycemia fear survey scores | ||||||
| Child hypoglycemia fear survey-behavior | 2.08 ± 0.35 | 2.1 ± 0.76 | 0.34 | 1.03 ± 0.05 a b c | 2.6 ± 0.63 | <0.01 |
| Child hypoglycemia fear survey-worry | 1.98 ± 0.41 | 2.01 ± 0.33 | 0.42 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.46 ± 0.53 | 0.33 |
| Child hypoglycemia fear survey-total | 1.88 ± 0.31 | 1.94 ± 0.41 | 0.29 | 1.09 ± 0.43 a b c | 2.94 ± 0.22 b c | <0.01 |
| Physical activity and sedentary time | ||||||
| Total screen time·day−1 (h) (TV, video games, computer) | 2.81 ± 1.4 | 2.76 ± 1.8 | 0.64 | 3.01 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 0.41 |
| Total time in MVPA per week-1 (min) | 364 ± 77 | 377 ± 104 | 0.37 | 346 ± 107 | 333 ± 98 | 0.33 |
| Total time in VPA per week-1 (min) | 136 ± 48 | 141 ± 31 | 0.48 | 222 ± 18 a b c | 49 ± 11 b c | <0.01 |
| Number of MVPA bouts per week (min) | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 0.32 | 4.1 ± 3.2 | 3.9 ± 1.9 | 0.27 |
| Number of VPA bouts per week (min) | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 0.39 | 3.7 ± 1.9 a b c | 1.1 ± 0.1 b c | <0.01 |
Values are means (standard deviation). CBGM, continuous blood glucose monitoring; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PA, physical activity; n[%], number, percentage; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; VPA, vigorous physical activity; h, hour; min, minute.
Significant difference between groups for each category (a: P < 0.01); Significant difference with insulin injection group (b: P < 0.01); Significant difference with insulin pump group (c: P < 0.01).