Table 2.
Proportion of population using improved and safely managed drinking water services in 27 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) in low- and middle-income countries.
| Country | Improved | Improved and accessible on premises | Improved and available when needed | Improved and free from E. coli contamination | Safely managed calculated at domain levela | Safely managed calculated at household levelb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage (95% CI) | Percentage (95% CI) | Percentage (95% CI) | Percentage (95% CI) | Percentage (95% CI) | Percentage (95% CI) | |||||||
| Algeria | 99.1 (98.9, 99.3) | 29,919 | 75.3 (73.3, 77.3) | 29,893 | 72.5 (70.8, 74.1) | 29,882 | 82.7 (80.5, 85) | 3,132 | 72.5 (70.8, 74.1) | 3,132 | 53.8 (50.8, 56.7) | 3,129 |
| Bangladesh | 98.5 (98.2, 98.8) | 61,242 | 82.5 (81.8, 83.1) | 61,241 | 95.6 (95.2, 95.9) | 61,230 | 59.6 (58.0, 61.1) | 6,065 | 59.6 (58.0, 61.1) | 6,065 | 49.1 (47.5, 50.6) | 6,065 |
| Central African Republic | 58.7 (55.3, 62.1) | 8,133 | 6.9 (5.8, 8.0) | 8,132 | 35.7 (33.2, 38.3) | 8,131 | 28.2 (23.9, 32.5) | 1,041 | 6.9 (5.8, 8.0) | 1,041 | 1.8 (1.0, 2.6) | 1,040 |
| Chad | 61.8 (58.7, 64.9) | 18,967 | 9.6 (8.2, 11.0) | 18,949 | 49.2 (46.5, 52.0) | 18,964 | 13.2 (10.9, 15.5) | 2,121 | 9.6 (8.2, 11.0) | 2,121 | 1.6 (0.8, 2.3) | 2,116 |
| Congo | 84.6 (82.3, 86.9) | 12,811 | 55.9 (51.2, 60.5) | 12,804 | NA | 0 | 50.3 (43.7, 56.9) | 1,240 | 50.3 (43.7, 56.9) | 1,240 | 32.4 (26.1, 38.6) | 1,240 |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 80.9 (78.3, 83.6) | 11,879 | 53.1 (49.6, 56.6) | 11,877 | NA | 0 | 45.3 (40.8, 49.9) | 1,739 | 45.3 (40.8, 49.9) | 1,739 | 34.2 (29.7, 38.8) | 1,739 |
| Gambia | 90.4 (88.0, 92.9) | 7,405 | 45.2 (40.8, 49.6) | 7,404 | 78.7 (76.1, 81.3) | 7,402 | 54.1 (48.8, 59.4) | 1,759 | 45.2 (40.8, 49.6) | 1,759 | 27.7 (23.4, 32.0) | 1,759 |
| Georgia | 97.5 (97.0, 98.0) | 12,270 | 91.6 (90.4, 92.8) | 12,265 | 75.6 (73.5, 77.7) | 12,240 | 74.6 (71.5, 77.7) | 2,427 | 74.6 (71.5, 77.7) | 2,427 | 56.0 (52.1, 59.9) | 2,426 |
| Ghana | 86.0 (83.0, 88.9) | 12,886 | 24.5 (22.4, 26.7) | 12,884 | 75.8 (73.0, 78.6) | 12,885 | 50.9 (47.0, 54.7) | 3,146 | 24.5 (22.4, 26.7) | 3,146 | 15.7 (13.4, 18.0) | 3,146 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 66.8 (63.4, 70.2) | 7,379 | 26.8 (22.9, 30.8) | 7,379 | 54.7 (51.7, 57.7) | 7,379 | 41.1 (36.9, 45.3) | 1,824 | 26.8 (22.9, 30.8) | 1,824 | 11.3 (8.3, 14.3) | 1,824 |
| Iraq | 86.4 (83.5, 89.4) | 20,214 | 65.7 (62.5, 68.9) | 20,210 | 65.9 (63.0, 68.7) | 20,190 | 54.7 (51.0, 58.3) | 6,650 | 54.7 (51, 58.3) | 6,650 | 35.5 (31.9, 39.1) | 6,634 |
| Kiribati | 82.1 (78.8, 85.4) | 3,071 | 59.9 (55.8, 64.0) | 3,071 | 51.6 (48.7, 54.6) | 3,070 | 14.3 (9.4, 19.1) | 589 | 14.3 (9.4, 19.1) | 589 | 4.0 (1.9, 6.1) | 589 |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 83.9 (82.1, 85.7) | 22,287 | 77.5 (75.5, 79.4) | 22,287 | 80.9 (79.1, 82.7) | 22,282 | 16.0 (14.3, 17.7) | 3,290 | 16.0 (14.3, 17.7) | 3,290 | 15.1 (13.5, 16.7) | 3,290 |
| Lesotho | 88.9 (86.6, 91.1) | 8,847 | 34.0 (30.5, 37.5) | 8,846 | 74.3 (71.8, 76.8) | 8,844 | 63.6 (59.3, 67.9) | 1,338 | 34.0 (30.5, 37.5) | 1,338 | 24.5 (20.7, 28.2) | 1,338 |
| Madagascar | 43.0 (40.1, 45.9) | 17,870 | 15.4 (13.7, 17.1) | 17,869 | 35.8 (33.3, 38.3) | 17,866 | 17.1 (14.3, 20.0) | 3,264 | 15.4 (13.7, 17.1) | 3,264 | 5.7 (4.4, 7.0) | 3,264 |
| Mongolia | 88.2 (86.0, 90.4) | 13,798 | 33.8 (28.5, 39.1) | 13,787 | 74.5 (71.9, 77.2) | 13,793 | 79.4 (76.0, 82.7) | 2,586 | 33.8 (28.5, 39.1) | 2,586 | 22.7 (18.7, 26.7) | 2,581 |
| Nepal | 90.8 (89.1, 92.6) | 12,655 | 72.9 (70.3, 75.4) | 12,654 | 74.6 (72.1, 77.1) | 12,654 | 21.6 (18.8, 24.3) | 2,422 | 21.6 (18.8, 24.3) | 2,422 | 17.5 (14.9, 20.1) | 2,422 |
| Nigeria | 69.0 (67.0, 71.0) | 33,901 | 23.1 (21.8, 24.4) | 33,886 | 56.8 (54.9, 58.7) | 32,135 | 21.5 (18.8, 24.2) | 2,584 | 21.5 (18.8, 24.2) | 2,584 | 3.8 (2.8, 4.9) | 2,482 |
| Palestine | 99.1 (98.8, 99.3) | 9,326 | 92.5 (91, 93.9) | 9,322 | 88.4 (87.1, 89.6) | 9,319 | 80.1 (77.3, 82.9) | 1,818 | 80.1 (77.3, 82.9) | 1,818 | 66.8 (63.5, 70.2) | 1,813 |
| Paraguay | 95.4 (94.2, 96.5) | 7,313 | 94.1 (92.8, 95.4) | 7,312 | 78.9 (76.7, 81.2) | 7,313 | 62.1 (58.1, 66.2) | 1,715 | 62.1 (58.1, 66.2) | 1,715 | 53.0 (49.1, 57) | 1,715 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 97.5 (96.4, 98.6) | 3,426 | 57.5 (52.9, 62.0) | 3,426 | 68.3 (64.9, 71.6) | 3,426 | 76.3 (68.2, 84.5) | 342 | 57.5 (52.9, 62.0) | 342 | 37.5 (28.5, 46.5) | 342 |
| Sierra Leone | 67.8 (65.3, 70.2) | 15,309 | 14.5 (13.2, 15.8) | 15,306 | 47.4 (45.2, 49.6) | 15,306 | 9.6 (7.2, 12.0) | 1,747 | 9.6 (7.2, 12.0) | 1,747 | 1.4 (0.7, 2.1) | 1,747 |
| Suriname | 98.2 (97.6, 98.7) | 7,915 | 96.7 (95.8, 97.6) | 7,909 | 82.1 (80.3, 83.9) | 7,904 | 57 (53.3, 60.7) | 1,618 | 57 (53.3, 60.7) | 1,618 | 48.3 (44.6, 52.0) | 1,617 |
| Togo | 74.6 (70.9, 78.3) | 7,916 | 17.3 (15.2, 19.4) | 7,916 | 62.4 (59.1, 65.8) | 7,916 | 33.2 (28.0, 38.5) | 1,086 | 17.3 (15.2, 19.4) | 1,086 | 6.2 (4.0, 8.5) | 1,086 |
| Tonga | 99.2 (98.7, 99.8) | 2,498 | 98.6 (97.9, 99.3) | 2,497 | 90.5 (88.8, 92.2) | 2,498 | 29.8 (20.7, 38.9) | 543 | 29.8 (20.7, 38.9) | 543 | 26.0 (17.6, 34.5) | 543 |
| Tunisia | 98.0 (97.4, 98.6) | 11,225 | 89.8 (88.4, 91.2) | 11,223 | 79.6 (77.8, 81.3) | 11,223 | 78.5 (76.2, 80.9) | 2,662 | 78.5 (76.2, 80.9) | 2,662 | 58.8 (56, 61.6) | 2,662 |
| Zimbabwe | 77.1 (74.3, 79.9) | 11,091 | 29.3 (26.4, 32.2) | 11,091 | 61.5 (58.9, 64.1) | 11,091 | 40.1 (36.5, 43.7) | 2,018 | 29.3 (26.4, 32.2) | 2,018 | 10.1 (7.8, 12.5) | 2,018 |
| Meanc | 84.3 (83.8, 84.8) | 391,553 | 51.1 (50.3, 51.8) | 391,440 | 68.7 (68.2, 69.3) | 364,943 | 46.7 (45.8, 47.7) | 60,766 | 46.7 (45.8, 47.7) | 60,766 | 30.5 (29.3, 31.6) | 60,627 |
Note: CI, confidence interval; E. coli, Escherichia coli; JMP, Joint Monitoring Program; NA: availability questions not included in Congo and Côte d’Ivoire; UNICEF, United Nations Children’s Fund; SMDWs, safely managed drinking water services; WHO, World Health Organization.
Domain-level calculation of SMDWs based on the minimum of the safely managed criteria (improved and accessible, improved and available, and improved and free from E. coli contamination) assessed at the national level. The domain-level assessment is used by the WHO/UNICEF JMP when data must be combined from different sources to estimate SMDWs either at the national level or separately for urban and rural areas.
Household-level calculation of SMDWs is based on the individual household responses. Only households that meet all criteria are considered to use SMDWs. The household-level calculation is possible in MICS because the surveys collect information on the accessibility, availability, and quality of drinking water for the same households.
Mean values based on equality weighting for each country.